Learning Indonesian from English
Created: 2020-07-06
Streak Extended: 2023-11-06
Timezone: UTC+9
Last update: 2024-01-03 10:48:59 GMT+3
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air · apel · dan · dia · hitam · itu · jeruk · kamu · kuat · kucing · makan · mau · merah · minum · punya · putih · saya · suka · susu
19 words
Indonesian words are spoken as they are written. Vowels pronounciation:
| Indonesian | English |
|---|---|
| a | AH like "a" in "father" |
| e | AY like "a" in "date", or UH like "a" in "about", or E like "e" in "bed" |
| i | EE like "ee" in "see" |
| o | OH like "o" in "no", or AW like "o" in "on" |
| u | OO like "ou" in "you" |
Common sentence structure:
Subject – Verb – Object
Note that in Indonesian we don't have articles (a, an, the) and we don't discriminate between the singular form and the plural form of a noun. That's right, the word stays the same whether there is only one of it or there are more than one!
For example:
| Indonesian | English |
|---|---|
| Saya mau apel | I want an apple |
| Saya mau apel | I want apples |
| Kamu mau jeruk | You want an orange |
| Kamu mau jeruk | You want oranges |
You’ll find more tips and notes throughout the courses. Selamat belajar!
Please have a look here for more info:
Click here :'ini' , 'itu', Tips & Notes, Addendum.
Click here : Structure Basic sentence, Tips & notes, Addendum.
Click here : Overview Grammar Topics, Bahasa Indonesia, Tips & Notes, Addendum.
saya, makan, apel, suka, jeruk, mau, kamu, punya, itu, minum, air, susu, dia, kucing, merah, kuat, dan, hitam, putih
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
andi · apa kabar · bali · berapa · bukan · dari · dua puluh · halo · jakarta · jepang · mana · nama · sepuluh · siapa · tahun · tini · umur
17 words
Literally meaning "What (your) news" in English, Apa kabar actually means “How are you” or “How do you do”.
Siapa is used instead of apa for asking a person’s name in Indonesian. A fuller explanation Click Here
Generally, the sentence structure of Indonesian and English is similar. But, the structure of noun phrase is opposite to English, the main noun position is before the modifier noun.
For example:
Nama saya = My name
Apel merah = Red apple
In spoken Indonesian, You don’t need to translate “to be” (is, am, are). To be means adalah in Indonesian. Even, in written the function of it is just to emphasize the noun, sometimes it is also omitted.
For example:
My name is Jon = Nama saya Jon.
Indonesian has some ways to express “no” (bukan, tidak, jangan and belum) . Bukan is used to negate nouns and adverbs, Tidak is used to negate verbs and adjectives, Jangan is to tell somebody not to do something and Belum means not yet or event may happen in the future.
For example:
| Indonesian | English |
|---|---|
| Saya bukan James | I am not James |
| Kamu tidak suka jeruk | You do not like oranges |
| Jangan pergi! | Don't go! |
| Dia belum pergi | She has not gone yet |
Please have a look here for more info about the word order in a noun phrase:
Click here : Adjectives, Noun Phrase, Tips & Notes, Addendum
Please have a look here for more info :
Click here : Adalah, Tips & notes, Addendum
Please have a look here for more info about negation words:
Click here : Negation: Tidak, bukan, jangan, belum, Tips & Notes, Addendum.
halo, apa kabar, Andi, Tini, siapa, nama, dari, bukan, mana, Jakarta, Jepang, Bali, berapa, dua puluh, sepuluh, umur, tahun
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
You have learned some personal pronouns in Basics 1 (aku, kamu, dia), and you are going to find the rest of them here. There are some highlights that should be put as a reminder:
Indonesian has formal and informal pronouns which you should pay attention the most when you are going to talk about “you” and “I” (Aww). Use “Anda” (You) and “Saya” (I) only in formal situation.
Indonesian differentiates between singular “you” and plural “you”. The use of “Kamu”/”Anda” signalizes the person to be only one, whereas “Kalian” means there are multiple people.
Indonesian has an inclusive and exclusive “we”. For example, if you (A) and your friend (B) are talking to someone (C), and the conversation goes like this:
A: “Kami makan ikan.” (We eat fish).
This means that A and B ate fish, but C might or did not. But if it is like this:
A: “Kita makan ikan.” (We eat fish).
This means that all of them ate fish. The first example uses “Kami” which implies exclusivity, whereas the second example uses “Kita” to include C, which implies inclusiveness.
Indonesian does not have non-personal subject pronouns, hence use “itu” (that) or “ini” (this) instead.
Here is the table to summarize the rules of pronoun uses:
| English | Indonesian | Formal/Informal |
|---|---|---|
| I | Saya | Formal |
| I | Aku | Informal |
| You (Singular) | Anda | Formal |
| You (Singular) | Kamu | Informal |
| You (Plural) | Kalian | Formal & Informal |
| We (Inclusive) | Kita | Formal & Informal |
| We (Exclusive) | Kami | Formal & Informal |
| He/She | Dia | Formal & Informal |
| They | Mereka | Formal & Informal |
Please have a look here for more info :
Click here: "ia" & "dia" , the differences :
Please have a look here for more info:
Click here :'ini' , 'itu', Tips & Notes, Addendum.
aku, kita, menulis, buku, surat, mereka, membaca, menu, koran, ini, anda, kami, kalian, besar, gaun, kaya, ia
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Indonesian uses the word selamat to greet people. Selamat is actually derived from Arabic word salam which means peace. You just need to add selamat before the time or condition in greeting.
| Indonesian | English |
|---|---|
| Selamat pagi | Good morning |
| Selamat siang | Good afternoon |
| Selamat sore | Good afternoon |
| Selamat malam | Good evening |
| Selamat tidur | (lit. Good sleep) Good night |
| Selamat tinggal | (lit. Good leaving) Goodbye |
| Selamat datang | (lit. Good coming) Welcome |
Note that the concept of time of the day in Indonesian is slightly different from that in English, so use the greetings accordingly!
| Position of the sun | Time of the day |
|---|---|
| The sun is going up, from dawn to around 10am | Pagi |
| The sun is right up your head, from around 10am to 3pm | Siang |
| The sun is going down, from around 3pm to dusk | Sore |
| The sun is not visible in the sky | Malam |
Indonesian also uses Assalamu ’alaikum to greet someone and responds with Wa 'alaikumsalam as Islam majority country.
The word selamat is also used to congratulate other people.
| Indonesian | English |
|---|---|
| Selamat ulang tahun | Happy birthday |
| Selamat Idul Fitri | Eid Mubarak |
| Selamat tahun baru | Happy new year |
| Selamat natal | Merry christmas |
Terima kasih means "thank you" is Indonesian phrase to express gratitude. If you want to express greater sense of gratitude, you can say terima kasih banyak.
In informal situations, you can just shorten terima kasih become makasih just like "thanks" in English.
Sama-sama or Terima kasih kembali is used to respond thanking, “You are welcome” in English.
tidak, ya, terima kasih, maaf, selamat pagi, silakan, sama-sama, sampai jumpa, selamat datang, selamat jalan, assalamualaikum, selamat siang, waalaikumsalam, selamat tinggal, permisi, selamat malam, terima kasih banyak, selamat sore, sampai jumpa lagi, salam, selamat idul fitri
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Rice is the staple food for Indonesians.
Indonesian has the following words for rice:
'padi' = rice when it's still growing in the fields.
'beras' = rice when it's harvested and ready for sale (raw).
'nasi' = rice when it's cooked (and edible).
So, when you're travelling through the country and see the ricefields ('sawah'), what you see is called 'padi'.
Raw, uncooked rice in a shop or a market is called 'beras'.
It's only called 'nasi' when it's cooked and edible.
Please have a look here for more info about the word order in a noun phrase:
Click here : Adjectives, Noun Phrase, Tips & Notes, Addendum
For more info about the use of 'ini' and 'itu':
Click here: 'ini' , 'itu', Tips & Notes, Addendum
For more info about 'negation':
Click here: Negation: Tidak, bukan, jangan, belum, Tips & Notes, Addendum.
nasi, goreng, ayam, dengan, restoran, pesan, minuman, sup, makanan, daging, tomat, tahu, jus, tempe, stroberi, telur, sarapan, teh, kopi, kue, enak, manis, roti, gula, cokelat, merica, garam, kacang, pisang, es, panas, minta, sambal, kecap, bayar, harga
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
'dari', 'ke' , 'di' are the main prepositions used to indicated location.
It's used like this :
Dari sini = From here (movement from a place)
Ke sini = To here (movement to a place)
Di sini = Here (no movement)
Dari sana = From there (movement from a place)
Ke sana = To there (movement to a place)
Di sana = There (no movement)
Examples:
Saya pulang dari kantor. = I come home from the office.
Saya pergi ke sekolah. = I go to school.
Saya ada di rumah. = I am at home.
Please note that an Indonesian sentence doesn't necessarily need a verb.
The following sentences are also correct:
Saya dari Indonesia. = I am from Indonesia.
Saya ke sekolah. = I go to school.
Saya di rumah. = I am at home.
Please have a look here for more info :
Click here : Ada, Tips & notes, Addendum
Click here : Adalah, Tips & notes, Addendum
Click here : Structure Basic sentence, Tips & notes, Addendum
Click here : Negation: Tidak, bukan, jangan, belum, Tips & Notes, Addendum
di, ada, dapur, rumah, sini, sekolah, ke, pergi, gedung, pasar, hotel, sana, situ, pulang, bank, toko, toilet
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
A base word can belong to one or more word classes: noun, verb, adjective, etc...
This skill is about the verb as a base word.
Examples:
Saya datang = I come.
Saya pergi = I go.
Saya lupa = I forgot.
Saya ingat = I remember.
Saya pulang = I go home.
The base words as shown in the examples above are verbs.
These base words don't need an affix (more about affixes in later skills) to function as a verb.
Verbs are not conjugated in Indonesian.
Present tense, past tense, future tense: the verb remains the same.
Singular, plural : the verb remains the same.
Examples:
Saya datang kemarin = I came yesterday.
Mereka datang hari ini. = They come today.
Dia akan datang besok. = He/She will come tomorrow.
No matter the time (present/past/future) or the quantity (singular/plural), the verb 'datang' remains 'datang.
Time is expressed by using time markers (yesterday, today, tomorrow, etc...).
Singular or plural also doesn't matter, 'datang' remains 'datang'.
That's easy, isn't it !?
datang, duduk, muncul, setuju, keluar, masuk, kembali, jatuh, tidur, tahu, lupa, ingat, tinggal, mulai, selesai, bisa
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
In contrast to English, Indonesian possessive pronouns are just the same with subjective and objective pronouns. For example:
"Ini rumah saya" (This is my house)
"Ini rumah anda" (This is your house)
"Ini rumah mereka" (This is their house)
There are some exceptions for “aku”, “kamu”, and “dia”,which uses affixes "-ku", "-mu", and "-nya" respectively:
"Ini rumah aku"= "Ini rumahku" (This is my house)
"Ini rumah kamu"= "Ini rumahmu" (This is your house)
"Ini rumah dia"= "Ini rumahnya" (This is his/her house)
Take note that the pronouns are definitely located behind the noun even if it has 2 or more words. For example:
"Ini kamar mandi saya" (This is my bathroom)
"Rumah besarku" (My big house)
"Di mana gaun hitam barumu?" (Where is your new black dress?)
Please have a look here for more info about the word order in a noun phrase:
Click here : Adjectives, Noun Phrase, Tips & Notes, Addendum
Please have a look here for more info:
Click here :'ini' , 'itu', Tips & Notes, Addendum.
-ku, bola, milik, nama orang, -mu, anjing, -nya, pensil
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Pakaian
This skill is about clothing related items and most of the words introduced here are nouns.
Please remember that an Indonesian noun phrase starts with the noun, followed by the modifiers (adjectives, possesive pronouns, etc).
Examples [noun phrase]:
Saya punya [kemeja putih]. = I have a [white shirt].
[Kemeja saya] putih. = [My shirt] is white.
[Kemeja putih saya] di tas. = [My white shirt]* is in the bag.
Please note that 'kemeja' (a shirt) is not the same as a T-shirt ('kaus').
kemeja = shirt (with buttons and a collar).
kaus = T-shirt
'kaus' is often spelled and pronounced as 'kaos'.
'kaus' is the official spelling.
'kaos' has a different meaning in the official spelling.
Kaos kacau balau
More info about the word order in a noun phrase:
Click here : Adjectives, Noun Phrase, Tips & Notes, Addendum
More info about 'ini', 'itu':
Click here :'ini' , 'itu', Tips & Notes, Addendum.
tas, kantong, pakaian, membeli, celana, sepatu, dompet, payung, sabuk, kemeja, mantel, jaket, rok, membawa, sarung tangan, kaus kaki, topi, syal, dasi, memakai, kaus
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Conjunctives work similarly to English; they are used to connect phrases.
One difference worth noting: the conjunction yang expands a previously mentioned idea, just like which, that, or i.e. in English. For instance,
'Dia membaca buku yang saya suka'
translates to
'He reads a book that I like.'
However, while you can omit the that in the English translation, omitting yang in the Indonesian sentence would make it lose its original meaning.
tapi = tetapi = but (tetapi is more formal)
ketika = saat = waktu = when (at the time that)
More info about the word order in a noun phrase:
Click here : Adjectives, Noun Phrase, Tips & Notes, Addendum
More info about 'ini', 'itu':
Click here :'ini' , 'itu', Tips & Notes, Addendum.
tapi, yang, atau, ketika, karena, jadi, namun
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Here you'll learn a thing or two about plural words in Bahasa Indonesia. Here is your starter pack to start your journey:
Take a look at the recap (Let's put a spotlight on spoons):
| English | Indonesian | Do or Don't |
|---|---|---|
| Spoons | Sendok-sendok | Do |
| Many spoons | Banyak sendok | Do |
| Two spoons | Dua sendok | Do |
| Two spoons | Dua sendok-sendok | Don't |
| Two green spoons | Dua sendok hijau | Do |
| Two green spoons | Dua sendok-sendok hijau | Don't |
| Two green spoons | Dua sendok hijau-hijau | No please don't |
| Two green spoons | Dua hijau sendok-sendok | Obviously don't |
The noun is not repeated when it is obvious from context if it is singular or plural.
(satu sendok, dua sendok, tiga sendok, banyak sendok).
The noun is also not repeated when talking about it in general: :
"Anjng makan tulang." = "Dogs eat bones".
"Kucing suka susu." = "Cats like milk."
More info about the word order in a noun phrase:
Click here : Adjectives, Noun Phrase, Tips & Notes, Addendum
More info about 'ini', 'itu':
Click here :'ini' , 'itu', Tips & Notes, Addendum.
apel, jeruk, kucing, buku, surat, koran, gaun, rumah, sekolah, gedung, bola, anjing, kue, hotel, toko
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
The ber- prefix can be attached to a noun, a verb, or an adjective. This prefix has several different meanings.
To have
| root | ber + noun | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| anak | beranak | to have a child |
| nama | bernama | to have the name |
To wear (items of clothing) or use (vehicles)
| root | ber + noun | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| sepatu | bersepatu | to wear shoes |
| sepeda | bersepeda | to use (go by) bicycle |
To do
| root | ber + verb | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| jalan | berjalan | to walk |
| main | bermain | to play |
To produce
| root | ber + noun | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| telur | bertelur | to produce eggs |
| bunyi | berbunyi | to make a sound |
To work (have an occupation)
| root | ber + noun/verb | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| tani | bertani | to farm (to work as a farmer) |
| dagang | berdagang | to trade (to work as a trader) |
The prefix ber- can become be- or bel- depending on the first letter or syllable of the root word.
Ber- becomes be- if it is attached to a root word that begins with the letter r- or its first syllable ends with -er-. For example, ber + rambut becomes berambut (to have hair) and ber + kerja becomes bekerja (to work).
Ber- becomes bel- if it is attached to the word ajar: ber + ajar becomes belajar (to study).
berhasil, berjalan, berhenti, berdiri, berada, bersaing, bertemu, berangkat, berubah, berbicara, berkembang, berkunjung, berkumpul, berlaku, bekerja, belajar, bermain, berpikir, bersama, berasal, berharap, bergerak
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
An easy way to ask a yes/no question is simply to raise your intonation, with practically no change in the statement. In written form, this raised intonation is indicated by a question mark.
Another way is to use the word apa or apakah at the beginning of the sentence. In this context, both words have no actual meaning; they simply indicate that the sentence is a question. Note that apakah is more formal.
You can also ask a yes/no question by attaching -kah to another word, which is placed in the beginning of the question.
| English | Indonesian |
|---|---|
| what | apa |
| who | siapa |
| why | mengapa, kenapa |
| how | bagaimana |
| when | kapan |
| where | di mana |
Apa is used to ask questions about objects, meaning what or what kind of. Note that in this case, the word apa is different from the one used in yes/no questions.
Siapa is used to ask questions about a person. Although it means who, it is also used to ask someone's name or to whom an object belongs.
While mengapa and kenapa both mean why, kenapa is less formal.
Kapan is used to ask questions about a particular point in time. Even though it means when, kapan is only used in questions. It cannot be used as a conjunction.
The word mana is usually combined with a preposition. Apart from di, mana is also combined with ke and dari: ke mana (where to) and dari mana (where from).
More info about question words :
Click here : Question words, Tips & Notes, Addendum
More info about 'apa' and 'siapa' :
Click here : Apa, Siapa, Tips & Notes, Addendum
apa, kenapa, bagaimana, kapan, di mana, benar, salah, kah, mengapa, pertanyaan
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Warna
Kausmu warna-warni = Your T-shirt is colourful.
Casual informal T-shirt.
warna, biru, hijau, kuning, abu-abu, ungu, oranye, merah muda, cokelat
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
In this lesson you will learn verbs with the preffix me-. Verbs with this prefix are usually transitive verbs; they need an object. (Not all me-verbs are transitive).
In conversations, some verbs may lose their me- prefix without a change in meaning. This often sounds less formal. The reverse can be true sometimes where not dropping the me- prefix makes one sound overly formal. You will have to learn these quirks in the field.
Very often, the prefix causes sound change when attached to a base verb. The table below lists this behaviour:
| affix | verb’s starting letter | example |
|---|---|---|
| me- | l, m, n, r, w, y, ng, ny | meminum (minum) |
| mem- | b, f, v | membuat (buat) |
| men- | d, j, c | mencari (cari) |
| mem- | p (dissolves into “m”) | memesan (pesan) |
| men- | t (dissolves into “n”) | menebang (tebang) |
Examples :
l, m, n, r, w ==> me + base
lempar ==> melempar
minta ==> meminta
b, f, v ==> me + m
buat ==> membuat
buka ==> membuka
beri ==> memberi
bayar ==> membayar
bangun ==> membangun
c, d, j ==> me + n
coba ==> mencoba
cari ==> mencari
jaga ==> menjaga
jadi ==> menjadi
dengar ==> mendengar
dorong ==> mendorong
dapat ==> mendapat
p ==> me + m – p
pesan ==> memesan
panggil ==> memanggil
pilih ==> memilih
t ==> me + n – t
tarik ==> menarik
tunggu ==> menunggu
tutup ==> menutup
terima ==> menerima
turut ==> menurut
tolak ==> menolak
Please have a look here for additional info :
Click here : "Me- verbs", Tips & Notes, Addendum
More info about transitive and intransitive verbs :
Click here : Transitive & Intransitive verbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
meminum, melempar, melihat, meminta, memakan, memulai, membuat, membantu, membuka, memberi, membayar, membangun, mencoba, mencari, menjaga, mendengar, mendorong, menjadi, menjual, mendapat, memesan, memanggil, memilih, menarik, menunggu, menutup, menerima, menurut, menolak
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Kata sifat
If an adjective is modifying a noun, the adjective is placed after the noun.
In a noun phrase, the head noun comes first, followed by the adjectives and other modifiers of the noun.
Examples:
Minuman dingin. = Cold drink.
Saya suka kopi dingin = I like cold coffee.
Adjectives about quantity (sedikit, banyak) are placed before the noun.
Examples:
Saya punya sedikit gula. = I have a little bit of sugar.
Saya punya banyak buku. = I have many books.
Saya punya banyak kucing kecil. = I have many small cats.
An adjective can also function as a predicate.
Examples:
Kamu cantik. = You are beautiful.
Saya pendek dan kamu tinggi. = I am short and you are tall.
Kamu muda dan saya tua. = You are young and I am old.
Ini mudah, ini tidak sulit. = This is easy, this is not difficult.
Ini gampang, ini tidak susah. = This is easy, this is not difficult.
Please note that in the examples above, the Indonesian sentences don't use a verb.
The adjective is the predicate in these sentences.
The English sentences use the verb "to be" to connect the subject and predicate.
In other words, when translating these type of sentences from English to Indonesian, the verb "to be" is not translated.
The verb "to be" can be translated as 'adalah" or 'ada' in another context, but not in these sentences.
Examples:
You are beautiful.
Kamu ~~adalah/ada~~ cantik.
==> 'adalah' / 'ada' cannot be used here.
This is easy, this is not difficult.
Ini ~~adalah/ada~~ gampang, ini ~~adalah/ada~~ tidak susah.
==> 'adalah' / 'ada' cannot be used here.
Please have a look here for more info about the word order in a noun phrase:
Click here : Adjectives, Noun Phrase, Tips & Notes, Addendum
For more info about the use of 'ini' and 'itu':
Click here: 'ini' , 'itu', Tips & Notes, Addendum
dingin, hangat, baru, banyak, betul, sedikit, kecil, panjang, pendek, tinggi, muda, tua, jelek, cantik, bersih, kotor, miskin, jauh, dekat, jelas, rusak, bodoh, sempurna, sulit, mudah, biasa, pintar, mirip, lain, bahagia, sedih, penuh
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
| Units | Numbers | Written | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| - | 11 – 19 | Belas | Belasan |
| 10s | 10 – 90 | Puluh | Puluhan |
| 100s | 100 – 900 | Ratus | Ratusan |
| 1000s | 1000 – 9000 | Ribu | Ribuan |
Since we're in Numbers, let's go for a bit of math. Imagine if Z is a number. Let's assume that Z is 4 (Z = 4). Note that you can only replace Z with numbers 1 to 9.
| Mathematical Form | Written Form | Indonesian | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Z + 10 | Z belas | Empat belas | Fourteen |
| Z x 10 | Z puluh | Empat puluh | Forty |
| Z x 100 | Z ratus | Empat ratus | Four hundred |
| Z x 1000 | Z ribu | Empat ribu | Four thousand |
| Z x 10 x 1000 | Z puluh ribu | Empat puluh ribu | Forty thousand |
| Z x 100 x 1000 | Z ratus ribu | Empat ratus ribu | Four hundred thousand |
| Z x 1000 x 1000 | Z juta | Empat juta | Four millions |
The formula goes on even if the range widens. Easy, isn't it? Though, it should be noted that there is an exception for numbers that start with 1 (except 1 and 12 to 19) for they start with "se-" as the substitute of "satu" (one):
| Range | Number | Indonesian | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Belas | 11 | Sebelas | Eleven |
| Puluh | 10 | Sepuluh | Ten |
| Ratus | 100 | Seratus | A hundred |
| Ribu | 1.000 | Seribu | A thousand |
It should be noted, however, that it is acceptable to use "satu" instead of "se-" for numbers that start with 1 for ranges "Juta" (Million), "Miliar" (Billion), and above.
lusin = dozen.
selusin sama dengan dua belas.
one dozen equals twelve.
nol, satu, dua, tiga, empat, nomor, tambah, sama, lima, enam, tujuh, delapan, sembilan, jumlah, kurang, sebelas, lusin, selusin, belas, puluh, kali, ratus, seratus, seribu, ribu, sejuta, juta, persen, semiliar, miliar, pertama, kedua, ketiga, sekali, ratusan, ribuan, puluhan
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
'me-' verbs are formed like this :
[me-] + [base word] = me-verb.
Depending upon the starting letter of the [base word], the 'me-' perfix is conjugated.
| Starting letter base word | Conjugation |
|---|---|
| l, m, n, r, w | Me + base |
| vowel, g, h | Me + ng |
| c, d, j | Me + n |
| b, f, v | Me + m |
| k | Me + ng – k |
| t | Me + n – t |
| s | Me + ny – s |
| p | Me + m – p |
| monosyllabic | Me + nge +base |
Examples :
vowel, g, h ==> me + ng
erti ==> mengerti
ambil ==> mengambil
ubah ==> mengubah
ingat ==> mengingat
ajar ==> mengajar
isi ==> mengisi
gali ==> menggali
hadap ==> menghadap
hilang ==> menghilang
gambar ==> menggambar
ganggu ==> mengganggu
ganti ==> mengganti
s ==> me + ny – s
simpan ==> menyimpan
susun ==> menyusun
sentuh ==> menyentuh
sewa ==> menyewa
sapa ==> menyapa
sapu ==> menyapu
k ==> me + ng – k
kirim ==> mengirim
kejar ==> mengejar
kandung ==> mengandung
l, m, n, r, w ==> me + base
rawat ==> merawat
rusak ==> merusak
nyala ==> menyala
nyanyi ==> menyanyi
Most of the 'me-' verbs are transitive.
That means that this verb can have an object in a sentence.
This object can function as the subject if the sentence is made passive.
(Passive verbs and passive sentences are covered in other skills).
Please have a look here for additional info :
Click here : "Me- verbs", Tips & Notes, Addendum
More info about transitive and intransitive verbs :
Click here : Transitive & Intransitive verbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
mengerti, mengambil, mengubah, mengingat, mengajar, mengisi, menggali, menghadap, menghilang, menggambar, mengganggu, mengganti, menyimpan, menyusun, menyentuh, menyewa, menyapa, menyapu, mengirim, mengejar, mengandung, merawat, merusak, menyala, menyanyi
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Kata sifat
Like already mentioned in the other skill about 'adjectives', an adjective can have the following functions :
- Attributive function
- Predicative function
- Adverbial function
Attributive function:
If an adjective is modifying a noun, the adjective is placed after the noun.
In a noun phrase, the head noun comes first, followed by the adjectives and other modifiers of the noun.
The word order in a noun phrase [FN]:
(a) [FN] = noun + adjective + personal pronoun + determiner
(b) [FN] = noun + personal pronoun + 'yang' + adjective + determiner
(a) Kucing kecil saya itu = That small cat of mine.
(b) Kucing saya yang kecil itu = That small cat of mine.
Predicative function
An adjective can also function as a predicate:
Kamu cantik. = You are pretty.
Kamu lucu. = You are funny.
Kucingku nakal. = My cat is naughty.
Nenek sakit. = Grandmother is ill.
Tini sehat. = Tini is healthy.
Please note that in the examples above, the Indonesian sentences don't use a verb.
The adjective is the predicate in these sentences.
The English sentences use the verb "to be" to connect the subject and predicate.
In other words, when translating these type of sentences from English to Indonesian, the verb "to be" is not translated.
The verb "to be" can be translated as 'adalah" or 'ada' in another context, but not in these sentences.
Examples:
You are funny.
Kamu ~~adalah/ada~~ lucu.
==> 'adalah' / 'ada' cannot be used here.
My cat is naughty.
Kucingku ~~adalah/ada~~ nakal.
==> 'adalah' / 'ada' cannot be used here.
Tini is healthy.
Tini ~~adalah~~ sehat.
==> 'adalah' / 'ada' cannot be used here.
Please have a look here for more info about the word order in a noun phrase:
Click here : Adjectives, Noun Phrase, Tips & Notes, Addendum
For more info about the use of 'ini' and 'itu':
Click here: 'ini' , 'itu', Tips & Notes, Addendum
baik, buruk, indah, tampan, gelap, terang, berat, ringan, rumit, sederhana, ramah, nakal, ragu, mantap, cukup, lebih, khusus, umum, bagus, kering, basah, lucu, serius, jahat, utama, sakit, sehat, lama, sebentar, resmi, siap, sesuai, hilang, tutup, buka, menarik, lebar, keras, sempit, lembut, berbahaya
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Keluarga
This skill introduces the names of the family members.
Kakek = grandfather
Nenek = grandmother
Ayah = father
Ibu = mother
Kakak = older brother / older sister
Adik = younger brother / younger sister
Some of these family names, (bapak, ibu, saudara), are also used as a 'title' when addressing a person.
Examples:
Apakah Bapak/Ibu ingin teh manis ?
Does father/mother want sweet tea ?
Do you (Mister/Madam) want sweet tea ?
Kapan Bapak/Ibu pergi ke Jakarta ?
When does father/mother go to jakarta ?
When do you (Mister/Madam) go to Jakarta ?
Saudara saudari, selamat datang di pertemuan ini.
Brothers and sisters, welcome to this gathering.
Bapak/Pak and Ibu/Bu are often used to address someone in a polite way.
It's considered rude to address someone who is older than you are with 'kamu'.
Bapak/Pak and Ibu/Bu can be used as a polite substitute for 'kamu / Anda / kalian'.
Saudara can also be used like that, to address someone of about the same age, also to avoid the use of 'kamu / Anda'.
ayah, orang tua, ibu, seorang, laki-laki, perempuan, anak, pasangan, suami, istri, keponakan, kakak, adik, adalah, menikah, sepupu, nenek, meninggal, kakek, cucu, orang, putra, putri, saudara, saudari, paman, tante, abang, keluarga, melahirkan, bayi, hamil, mertua, menantu, ipar
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Dapur
This skill introduces new words related to the kitchen.
Examples:
Saya masak di dapur. = I cook in the kitchen.
Pisau saya tajam. = My knife is sharp.
Wajan saya besar. = My wok is big.
Tini menggoreng pisang di wajan. = Tini fries bananas in the wok.
Tono suka makanan pedas. = Tono likes spicy (hot) food.
Makanan ini perlu bumbu. = This food needs seasoning (spices).
Some verbs related to the kitchen :
potong ==> memotong = to cut, to chop.
iris ==> mengiris = to slice thinly.
masak ==> memasak = to cook (cooking in general).
goreng ==> menggoreng = to fry (oil is used).
rebus ==> merebus = to boil (water is used).
kukus ==> mengukus = to steam (steam of hot water is used).
panggang ==> memanggang = to grill/roast/broil (above coal fire, in an oven).
bakar ==> membakar = to burn ; to grill/roast/broil (same as panggang).
memasak, pisau, minyak, sayur, buah, kubis, wortel, labu, untuk, menggoreng, wajan, kangkung, mentega, bir, cabai, cuka, paprika, bayam, merebus, panci, selai, anggur, kulkas, mi, terung, bawang, seledri, memotong, bubur, piring, keju, pasta, permen, spageti, brokoli, lobak, mengiris, oven, kentang, bumbu, memanggang, kompor, ubi, selada, jahe, asam, pahit, tawar, asin, pedas, gurih, rasa
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Examples of conjunction words that are used to connect two clauses:
Saya tahu bahwa Tini pintar sekali.
I know that Tini is very clever.
Tini sangat pintar, tetapi dia harus belajar juga.
Tini is very smart, but she has to study as well.
Dia belajar setiap hari agar dia bisa lulus.
She studies every day so that she can graduate.
Jika dia lulus, kita akan membeli hadiah.
If she graduates, we will buy a present.
Nama depannya pendek, yaitu Tini dan Tono.
Their first names are short, i.e. Tini and Tono.
tetapi = tapi <== synonyms ;'tapi' is less formal.
agar = supaya <== synonyms ;'supaya' is less formal.
jika = kalau <== synonyms ;'kalau' is less formal.
seperti, bahwa, tetapi, sehingga, jika, yaitu, agar, bahkan, tanpa, kalau, daripada
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Pekerjaan
This skill introduces vocabulary regarding jobs and professions.
Names of jobs/professions can be formed by using the 'pe-' prefix.
[pe-] + [base word] = noun.
[pe-] + [tari] = penari. = dancer.
[pe-] + [nyanyi] = penyanyi. = singer.
[pe-] + [beli] = pembeli. = buyer.
[pe-] + [jual] = penjual. = seller.
[pe-] + [dagang] = pedagang. = trader, merchant.
[pe-] + [tulis] = penulis. = writer, author.
[pe-] + [pikir] = pemikir. = thinker, philosopher.
[pe-] + [rawat] = perawat. = nurse.
[pe-] + [layan] = pelayan. = waiter, servant.
Some names of jobs are imported loan words, like : dokter, insinyur, sopir, sekretaris, jurnalis.
More info about the 'pe-' prefix :
Click here : pe- Prefix, , Tips & Notes, Addendum.'
For more info about 'negation':
Click here: Negation: Tidak, bukan, jangan, belum, Tips & Notes, Addendum.
profesi, karier, dokter, guru, petani, nelayan, tukang, peneliti, raja, pangeran, ratu, polisi, pengacara, penjual, insinyur, profesor, hakim, pelayan, koki, pembeli, pemilik, jurnalis, wartawan, sekretaris, perawat, pegawai, pejabat, penyanyi, penari, pekerjaan, pekerja, penulis, pemimpin, prajurit, sopir, pemain, pemikir
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Tanggal dan waktu
This skill introduces vocabulary about dates and times.
Examples:
Tahun, bulan, minggu, hari, jam, menit, detik.
Year, month, week, day, hour, minute, second.
Tini di Bali bulan lalu.
Tini was in Bali last month.
Tini akan pergi ke Bali minggu depan.
Tini will go to Bali next week.
Tadi pagi Tono makan nasi goreng.
This morning Tono ate nasi goreng.
Pagi, siang, sore, malam, Tono selalu makan nasi goreng.
Morning, noon, afternoon, evening, night, Tono always eats nasi goreng.
Setiap hari dia makan nasi goreng.
Every day he eats nasi goreng.
Musim hujan, musim kemarau, musim apa pun, dia makan nasi goreng.
Rainy season, dry season, whatever season, he eats nasi goreng.
hari, senin, selasa, rabu, kamis, jumat, sabtu, minggu, detik, menit, jam, bulan, lalu, depan, pagi, siang, sore, petang, malam, kemarin, besok, lusa, kemarau, hujan, sekarang, musim, saat
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Kata Keterangan
Adverbs are used to clarify/modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or an entire sentence.
Examples:
Kamu sangat cantik. = You are very pretty.
Kamu cantik sekali. = You are very pretty.
Saya baru bangun. = I just woke up.
Saya masih di rumah. = I am still at home.
Saya sudah makan. = I have already eaten.
Saya belum mandi. = I have not yet taken a shower.
Saya sudah pernah ke Bali. = I have ever been to Bali.
Saya belum pernah ke Bali. = I have never been to Bali.
Saya jarang ke pantai. = I seldom go to the beach.
Saya sering ke pantai. = I often go to the beach.
Kadang-kadang Tini juga ikut. = Sometimes Tini also comes along.
Tini tentu akan ikut hari ini. = Tini will certainly come along today.
Mungkin Tono juga mau ikut. = Maybe Tono would also like to come along.
Nanti saya pergi ke pantai. = Later I'll go to the beach.
Hanya Tini yang ikut ke pantai. = Only Tini is coming along to the beach.
Biasanya kami naik mobil. = Usually we go by car.
Sopirnya hampir di sini. = The chauffeur is almost here.
Tiba-tiba sopirnya muncul. = Suddenly the chauffeur appears.
Kami langsung pergi. = We immediately go.
More info about adverbs :
Click here : Adverbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
juga, akan, sudah, masih, sangat, belum, pernah, langsung, paling, akhirnya, sering, biasanya, mungkin, segera, selalu, hampir, nanti, terlalu, sebaliknya, jangan, tentu, setidaknya, agak, tiba-tiba, lagi-lagi, kadang-kadang, rupanya, hanya, telah
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
The di- prefix is used to make a verb passive. In an active sentence the subject does the verb, while in a passive sentence, the verb is done to the subject of the sentence.
Examples:
| Active sentence | Passive sentence | |
|---|---|---|
| ID-1 | Adikku mengambil dompetku. | Dompetku diambil oleh adikku. |
| EN-1 | My little sibling took my wallet. | My wallet was taken by my little sibling. |
| ID-2 | Mereka memakan nasi. | Nasi dimakan mereka. |
| EN-2 | They ate the rice. | The rice was eaten by them”. |
| ID-3 | Banyak orang mengenal Taylor Swift. | Taylor Swift dikenal oleh banyak orang. |
| EN-3 | Many people know Taylor Swift. | Taylor Swift is known by many people. |
Examples:
1) Dompetku diambil (oleh) adikku.
2) Dompetku sudah diambil (oleh) adikku tadi pagi.
3) Dompetku sudah diambil tadi pagi oleh adikku.
In the first two sentences the 'di-' verb is followed directly by the agent/actor (the one performing the action).
'oleh' can be left out in such a sentence.
In the third sentence, the 'di-' verb is not directly followed by the agent/actor.
'oleh' cannot be left out in such a sentence.
This skill is about passive verbs and the passive voice.
Translations in the active voice are rejected.
Please have a look here for more info about the 'passive voice' :
Click here : Passive type 1 and 2 , Tips & Notes, Addendum
Click here : Transitive & Intransitive verbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
oleh, disebut, dianggap, dikenal, dibuat, dirilis, dimulai, diduga, dibangun, diberi, didukung, dipakai, diambil, dilarang, dibawa, ditulis, diterima, ditangkap, dipimpin, diperiksa, diproduksi, dinilai, dilihat, dibentuk, dijual, diangkat, dibuka, dipilih, ditutup, diminta, dibagi, ditambah
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Tubuh, Badan
This skill introduces vocabulary about body parts.
Examples :
Wajahmu cantik.
Your face is pretty.
Rambutmu panjang.
Your hair is long.
Matamu biru.
Your eyes are blue.
Bibirmu merah.
Your lips are red.
Gigimu putih.
Your teeth are white.
Hidungmu pesek.
Your nose is flat.
Hidungmu mancung.
Your nose is sharp.
Kakimu panjang.
Your legs are long.
Badanmu langsing.
Your body is slim.
More body parts in the lessons, selamat belajar !
tubuh, kepala, wajah, dahi, mata, alis, cium, rambut, telinga, hidung, mulut, bibir, bau, mencium, gigi, lidah, pipi, leher, tenggorokan, dada, perut, bahu, punggung, tangan, sikut, lengan, jari, pergelangan, kaki, paha, lutut, telapak, kuku, otot, kulit, jantung, paru, darah, otak, tulang, organ
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
'-an' suffix is used to create nouns (from verbs, adjectives, nouns, etc...)
The noun has the meaning related to the base word.
Examples:
[base word] + [-an] = noun
[bagi (noun)]+ [-an] = bagian = part.
[bangun (verb)]+ [-an] = bangunan = building.
[bantu (verb)]+ [-an] = bantuan = help.
[catat (verb)] + [-an] = catatan = a note.
[layan (verb)] + [-an] = layanan = service
[lapor (verb)] + [-an] = laporan = report
[pilih (verb)]+ [-an] = pilihan = choice.
[serang (verb)]+ [-an] = serangan = an attack.
[tambah (noun)]+ [-an] = tambahan = addition.
[urut (adjective)]+ [-an] = urutan = sequence, order.
Please have look here for more info:
Click here : -an Suffix, Tips & Notes, Addendum
bagian, catatan, hubungan, bangunan, serangan, lingkungan, tujuan, lapangan, bantuan, laporan, pimpinan, anggaran, layanan, dukungan, urutan, jabatan, dugaan, putaran, tambahan, pilihan, an
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Arah
Mata angin :
kanan, kiri, posisi, dalam, belok, arah, atas, bawah, samping, luar, balik, naik, turun, utara, selatan, timur, barat, menuju, belakang, barat daya, barat laut, timur laut, tenggara, kutub, terbang, lewat, tiba, jarak, kompas
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
The example sentences below use transitive me-verbs in the (+) declarative sentences.
When these (+) declarative sentences are converted into the (!) imperative mood, the me- prefix is dropped (the suffix remains in place).
In the imperative mood, '-lah' particle can be attached to soften the tone of the command.
Another way to soften the tone of the command is by using words as 'mohon', 'coba', 'tolong', 'silakan'.
The command will sound more like a polite question asking for help.
Examples:
(+) Kamu mengambil es teh.
(!) Ambil es teh !
(!) Ambillah es teh !
Get an iced tea !
(+) Kamu mengambilkan ibumu segelas es teh.
(!) Ambilkan ibumu segelas es teh !
(!) Ambilkanlah ibumu segelas es teh !
Get your mother an iced tea !
(+) Kamu menyelesaikan pekerjaanmu.
(!) Selesaikan pekerjaanmu !
(!) Selesaikanlah pekerjaanmu !
Finish your work !
(+) Kamu menjawab pertanyaan saya.
(!) Jawab pertanyaan saya !
(!) Jawablah pertanyaan saya !
Answer my question !
(+) Kamu melempar bolanya ke Tini.
(!) Lempar bolanya ke Tini !
(!) Lemparlah bolanya ke Tini !
Throw the ball to Tini !
Words like : 'coba', 'tolong', 'silakan' are often used to soften the tone of the command.
Coba panggil Tini ke sini !
Tolong panggil Tini ke sini !
Please call Tini over here !
Silakan masuk, Pak !
Please come in, Sir !
Silakan makan salju kuning, Pak !
Please eat yellow snow, Sir !
When asking somebody else to participate and join the action, the following words are used : 'ayo', 'mari'.
Ayo kita lompat dari jembatan !
Mari kita lompat dari jembatan !
Let us jump off the bridge !
Ayo makan salju kuning !
Mari makan salju kuning !
Let's eat yellow snow !
When ordering someone NOT to do something, the negation word 'jangan' is used.
Jangan lompat dari jembatan !
Don't jump off a bridge !
Jangan makan salju kuning !
Don't eat yellow snow !
lah, mohon, jaga, panggil, tanya, jawab, kan, tolong, serang, tembak, kumpul, lihat, mari, buka, tutup, biar, lakukan, bantu, main, beri, ayo, coba, pasang, lepas, kerja, pikir, gambar, ganti, simpan, sapu, kirim, kejar, potong, nyanyi, sebut, pakai, ambil, bawa, buat, lempar, tulis, baca, jual, beli, angkat, pilih
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Rumah
This skill introduces new vocabulary regarding 'house', 'rumah'.
Saya baru membeli furnitur.
I just bought furniture.
Saya perlu kursi dan meja baru.
I needed a new chair and desk.
Saya juga membeli bantal, seprai, tirai dan cermin untuk kamar tidur saya.
I also bought a pillow, a bedsheet, curtains and a mirror for my bedroom.
Gelas, cangkir dan mangkuk disimpan di dapur.
Glasses, cups and bowls are stored in the kitchen.
Biasanya sendok dan garpu dipakai untuk makan.
Usually a spoon and fork are used to eat.
Pisau jarang dipakai untuk makan.
A knife is seldom used for eating.
Handuk, sabun dan sampo disimpan di kamar mandi.
Towels, soap and shampoo are stored in the bath room.
Bak mandi sudah terisi air.
The bath tub is already filled with water.
Langit-langit di kamar saya berwarna biru.
The ceiling in my room is blue.
Dindingnya berwana putih dan lantainya berwarna cokelat.
The walls are white and the floor is brown.
Jendelanya menghadap kolam renang.
The window faces the swimming pool.
meja, kursi, sendok, sofa, kamar, furnitur, garpu, gelas, botol, mangkuk, cangkir, langit-langit, jendela, tempat tidur, lampu, spons, kolam, kantor, pintu, dinding, cermin, atap, karpet, televisi, tangga, tirai, bak mandi, bantal, resep, sabun, handuk, pemanas, sampo, membersihkan, balkon, mainan, seprai, tempat sampah, pagar, gerbang
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Hewan, binatang
This skill introduces new vocabulary regarding 'animals': 'hewan', 'binatang'.
anjing = dog
babi = pig
bebek = duck
beruang = bear
burung = bird
burung hantu = owl
gajah = elephant
harimau = tiger
ikan = fish
jerapah = giraffe
kucing = cat
kupu-kupu = butterfly
laba-laba = spider
lebah = bee
kuda = horse
kelinci = rabbit
monyet = monkey
semut = ant
serigala = wolf
bebek, burung, hewan, lebah, ikan, gajah, beruang, sapi, kuda, babi, serigala, harimau, tikus, kupu-kupu, singa, kelinci, ular, laba-laba, hiu, monyet, lumba-lumba, serangga, semut, paus, jerapah
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Tanggal dan waktu
This skill introduces more vocabulary about dates and times.
The names of the months do not differ that much from Emglish:
januari, februari, maret, april, mei, juni, juli, agustus, september, oktober, november, desember
jam, hari, minggu, bulan, tahun, dekade, abad
hour, day, week, month, year, decade, century
Examples about time ('waktu'):
Jam berapa sekarang?
10:00 = jam/pukul sepuluh
10:05 = jam/pukul sepuluh lewat/lebih lima (menit)
10:10 = jam/pukul sepuluh lewat/lebih sepuluh (menit)
10:15 = jam/pukul sepuluh lewat/lebih seperempat
10:30 = jam/pukul setengah sebelas
10:45 = jam/pukul sebelas kurang seperempat
10:50 = jam/pukul sebelas kurang sepuluh (menit)
10:55 = jam/pukul sebelas kurang lima (menit)
11:00 = jam/pukul sebelas
'jam' = 'pukul' are interchangeable here ('pukul' is more formal).
'lewat' = 'lebih' are interchangeable here.
januari, februari, maret, april, mei, juni, juli, agustus, september, oktober, november, desember, tanggal, akhir, windu, dekade, abad, awal, pertengahan, seperempat, gugur, pukul, setengah, lagi, semi, generasi, kalender, masa, tengah, libur, minggu, dahulu, zaman
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Kata Keterangan
Adverbs are used to clarify/modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or an entire sentence.
The position of an adverb varies, it depends on the adverb and how the adverb is used in a sentence.
Examples:
Tini sedang mandi sekarang. = Tini is taking a shower.
Tini selalu mandi sebelum ke sekolah. = Tini always take a shower before going to school.
Tini harus berangkat sekitar jam setengah tujuh. = Tini must leave at approximately half past six.
Tini jarang terlambat. = Tini is seldom too late.
Tini boleh mengendarai mobil. = Tini is allowed to drive a car.
Sebenarnya Tini tidak perlu sopir. = Actually Tini does not need a driver.
Akan tetapi, Dimas akan mengantarkan Tini ke sekolah. = However, Dimas will bring Tini to school.
Tini tidak perlu mengendarai mobil. = Tini does not need to drive the car.
Tini bisa santai saja di mobil = Tini can just relax in the car.
"sedang" is an adverb that is used to indicate that the action is still ongoing.
More info about adverbs :
Click here : Adverbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
saja, dapat, harus, sedang, jarang, umumnya, sekitar, sendiri, begitu, tak, selamanya, perlu, boleh, tetap
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Pe-an affix is used to from nouns.
Examples:
[pe-] + [base word] +[-an] = noun.
[pe-] + [gunung] +[-an] = pegunungan = mountain range.
[pe-] + [pilih] +[-an] = pemilihan = election.
[pe-] + [dengar] +[-an] = pendengaran = sense of hearing.
[pe-] + [lihat] +[-an] = penglihatan = eyesight.
More info about 'pe- prefix :
Click here : pe- Prefix, , Tips & Notes, Addendum.'
More info about 'an- suffix :
Click here : -an Suffix, Tips & Notes, Addendum
pegunungan, pelabuhan, pelayanan, pemanasan, pertemuan, pengalaman, pemandangan, pemasukan, pemerintahan, pemilihan, pertumbuhan, perhatian, penciuman, pendengaran, pengadilan, pertandingan, penginapan, pendidikan, pengeluaran, penglihatan, penulisan, penyerangan, persaingan, perusahaan, pertarungan, peraturan, perbatasan, perbuatan, percakapan, persatuan, peralatan, perkembangan, perlawanan, perlombaan, permainan, persahabatan, pertahanan
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Perasaan
Many of the words introduced in this skill are adjectives.
As a reminder, an adjective can function as a predicate in a sentence.
In other words, such a sentence doesn't use a verb.
Examples:
Saya bosan. = I am bored.
Saya kecewa. = I am disappointed.
Saya takut. = I am scared.
The following sentences use the same base words as above, but now the 'me-kan' affix is used.
(there is another skill that explains the use of this 'me-kan' affix)(see link below).
In the following sentences, the 'me-kan' verb has a 'causative' meaning.
Examples:
FIlm ini membosankan. = This movie is boring.
Film ini mengecewakan. = This movie is disappointing.
Film ini menakutkan. = This movie is scary.
In grammar terms:
[subject] [causes the base word] [to the direct object].
The subject [Film ini] is causing the feeling as expressed by the base word [membosankan] to the [direct opbject].
In the examples above, the [direct object] is implied and omitted:
FIlm ini membosankan [semua orang].
Film ini mengecewakan [semua orang].
Film ini menakutkan [semua orang].
Saya kecewa, karena film ini sangat membosankan.
I am disappointed, because this movie is very boring.
Please have a look here for more info about 'me-kan' verbs:
Click here : 'me-kan' verbs, Tips & Notes, Addendum
takut, merasa, menakutkan, senang, aneh, perasaan, berani, mengenang, bosan, membosankan, suasana, hati, damai, keinginan, marah, kaget, kejutan, kecewa, mengecewakan, lelah, iri, emosi, sabar, tegang, menegangkan, lapar, malu, cinta, haus, kalem, adil, memalukan, pikiran, imajinasi, gairah, jijik, menjijikkan
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tentang, kepada, pun, secara, hingga, terhadap, si, sang, antara, serta, aduh, astaga, astagfirullah, bagi, sementara, selain, pula
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The ter- prefix marks a passive verb, almost like the di- prefix.
However, ter- is different in that it is used in situations where the verb is done spontaneously/unintentional (Dia tersenyum), unexpectedly (Adik terjatuh), or denoting the state of an object (Suratnya sudah terkirim).
Example:
Botol ini diisi dengan teh [oleh Tini) = This bottle is filled with tea (by Tini).
Botol ini terisi teh = This bottle is filled with tea.
tersenyum, tertawa, terbuka, tertutup, tersebut, tertulis, terjatuh, terjadi, tertentu, terisi, teringat, terkirim, tersimpan, termasuk, terpaksa, terkenal, terletak, terkait, terdapat, terdiri, ternyata, terlibat
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Pendidikan
kerjakan, kelas, tugas, siswa, bahasa, indonesia, jelaskan, pelajaran, ujian, teman, matematika, perpustakaan, papan, kantin, jadwal, seragam, fisika, contoh, teknik, mengerjakan, penjelasan, perguruan tinggi, bab, kimia, terlambat, istirahat, dihukum, dipanggil, halaman, kertas, kapur, sejarah, dikeluarkan, peringkat, pindah, wisuda, upacara, gelar, lulus
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The me-kan circumfix has two main functions: benefactive (when it is applied to a verb) and causative (when it is applied to an adjective).
Benefactive means doing something for someone else's benefit. In this case, the subject is doing the verb with the me-kan circumfix for the benefit of someone or something else.
Example:
Benefactive me-kan verbs are always transitive (needing direct objects!)
Causative means causing someone or something else to become or feel something. In this case, the me-kan circumfix is applied to an adjective. The subject is causing the object to feel or become the adjective with the me-kan circumfix.
Example:
In the following examples the object (everyone, everybody) is implied and left out.
The direct object (everyone, everybody) is implied and omitted.
In the examples above, the subject is causing everyone in general to feel or become an adjective (i.e. bored, sad, confused).
These verbs are often translated as an adjective.
Please have a look here for more info :
Click here : 'me-kan' verbs, Tips & Notes, Addendum
Click here : Transitive & Intransitive verbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
Click here : Passive type 1 and 2 , Tips & Notes, Addendum
melemparkan, memainkan, melakukan, melanjutkan, melupakan, memasukkan, memunculkan, memasakkan, membicarakan, membawakan, memberikan, membacakan, mendengarkan, mendirikan, menjatuhkan, menjadikan, mendatangkan, mendapatkan, menjelaskan, memutuskan, memecahkan, memisahkan, memuaskan, memerlukan, memerintahkan, memastikan, memikirkan, menemukan, menuliskan, menunjukkan, meninggalkan, menambahkan, menurunkan, menawarkan
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Let's start with some examples:
Dimas lebih tinggi daripada Tono. = Dimas is taller than Tono.
Tini lebih pendek daripada Tono. = Tini is shorter than Tono.
Di antara mereka, Dimas yang tertinggi = Amongst them, Dimas is the tallest.
'lebih'.......'daripada' literally means 'more'.......'than' :
lebih penting daripada = more important than
lebih besar daripada = larger than
lebih kecil daripada = smaller than
lebih dalam daripada = deeper than
"ter-" prefix is used here to form the superlative ('most' / '-est').
terpenting = paling penting = most important.
terbesar = paling besar = largest
terkecil = paling kecil = smallest
terdalam = paling dalam = deepest
'daripada' is often replaced with 'dari' in everyday speech.
Click here : Comparisons and superlatives, Tips & Notes, Addendum
terbesar, terakhir, terbaik, terutama, terkecil, kurus, gemuk, terkurus, tergemuk, semakin, luas, cepat, lambat, tercepat, terluas, murah, mahal, penting, termurah, terpenting, malas, sepi, ramai, rajin, termalas, tajam, tumpul, terkuat, terkaya, termerah, dalam, dangkal, terdangkal, terdalam, tertua, termuda
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Please have a look here for more info :
Click here : 'me-kan' verbs, Tips & Notes, Addendum
Click here : Transitive & Intransitive verbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
Click here : Passive type 1 and 2 , Tips & Notes, Addendum
mengambilkan, mengajarkan, mengingatkan, mengumumkan, menggantikan, menghilangkan, menggambarkan, menghasilkan, menghentikan, menggunakan, menyimpankan, menyewakan, menyelesaikan, menyambungkan, mengirimkan, mengembalikan, mengeluarkan, mengalahkan, mengatakan, mengembangkan, mengumpulkan, merusakkan, menyalakan, merupakan
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mobil, taksi, bus, mengemudikan, tiket, penumpang, paspor, hati-hati, pilot, pesawat, bandara, terminal, jalan, motor, sepeda, pengendara, keterlambatan, membatalkan, masinis, kereta, mengendarai, stasiun, turis, kunjungan, mengunjungi, nakhoda, perahu, kapal, kendaraan, menginap, transportasi, alat, mesin, kecelakaan, sampai, ojek, koper
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mengukur, timbangan, kilogram, gram, satuan, waktu, miligram, kedalaman, meter, ketinggian, diukur, sungai, kilometer, sentimeter, liter, ukuran, hasil, badan, belasan, volume, meteran, ditimbang, rupiah, hektar, lipat, kecepatan, per, inci, mil, ons, sisi, sepertiga, permukaan
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The di-kan circumfix is the passive form of the me-kan. Like me-kan, the function of this circumfix can be benefactive or causative.
While for the me-kan circumfix we interpret benefactive as doing something for someone else's benefit, in this context the verb is being done to the subject for the benefit of someone or something else.
Examples:
| Active sentence | Passive sentence | |
|---|---|---|
| ID-1 | Ibu membacakan dongeng untuk adik. | Dongeng dibacakan oleh Ibu. |
| EN-1 | Mother is reading a bedtime story for little sister. | A bedtime story is being read by Mother. |
| ID-2 | Sarah mengantarkan kue untuk Budi. | Kue untuk Budi diantarkan oleh Sarah. |
| EN-2 | Sarah is delivering cookies for Budi. | Cookies for Budi are delivered by Sarah. |
For the causative function, di-kan is applied to an adjective. In this context, the subject is feeling or becoming the adjective thanks to the action of someone or something else.
Examples:
| Active sentence | Passive sentence | |
|---|---|---|
| ID-1 | Ani membangunkan Ibu. | Ibu dibangunkan Ani. |
| EN-1 | Ani wakes Mother up. | Mother is being woken up by Ani. |
| ID-2 | Siti membersihkan kamarnya. | Kamarnya dibersihkan oleh Siti. |
| EN-2 | Siti cleans her room. | Her room is cleaned by Siti. |
Examples:
1) Ibu dibangunkan (oleh) Ani.
2) Ibu dibangunkan (oleh) Ani tadi pagi.
3) Ibu sudah dibangunkan tadi pagi oleh Ani.
In the first two sentences the 'di-' verb is followed directly by the agent/actor (the one performing the action).
'oleh' can be left out in such a sentence.
In the third sentence, the 'di-' verb is not directly followed by the agent/actor.
'oleh' cannot be left out in such a sentence.
This skill is about passive verbs and the passive voice.
Translations in the active voice are rejected.
Please have a look here for more info :
Click here : 'me-kan' verbs, Tips & Notes, Addendum
Click here : Transitive & Intransitive verbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
Click here : Passive type 1 and 2 , Tips & Notes, Addendum
dilakukan, digunakan, ditemukan, didirikan, diberikan, dibandingkan, diharapkan, dijadikan, disampaikan, ditetapkan, dilaksanakan, diadakan, disebabkan, dikatakan, dikembangkan, diterbitkan, diselenggarakan, dilaporkan, disebutkan, dinyatakan, dibutuhkan, diluncurkan, diumumkan, dilahirkan, digantikan, dihasilkan
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menertawakan, terkejut, mengejutkan, cemburu, sayang, tenang, berbeda, memimpikan, kesal, mimpi, ingin, senyuman, santai, merindukan, mengharapkan, tawa, harapan, mengantuk, kesan, aroma, cemas, humor, puas, ingatan, bebas, selera, dipercaya, karakter, pasti, peka, gugup, murung, respek, menaruh, sampah, benci, penasaran, bangga, kesepian, menangis
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batuk, pilek, demam, penyakit, semoga, bengkak, sembuh, berobat, rumah sakit, apotek, gatal, klinik, obat, pasien, alergi, memeriksa, hati, patah, imunisasi, disuntik, terkilir, manusia, luka, dibersihkan, diobati, parah, operasi, berdarah
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tanah, api, udara, angin, sumber, batu, bumi, matahari, laut, alam, bunga, polusi, rumput, mencemari, bulan, bintang, awan, salju, benih, langit, hutan, pohon, gunung, danau, mawar, lumpur, samudera, planet, tumbuhan, puncak, dasar, gempa, cuaca, iklim, asap, temperatur, badai, hidup, petir, gurun, listrik, lubang
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komunikasi, informasi, pers, pesan, suara, selamat, huruf, media, massa, internet, berkata, kata, kalimat, teriak, merekam, perintah, diam, bertanya, pendapat, arti, pemberitahuan, situs, menjawab, diskusi, debat, argumen, judul, artikel, menerjemahkan, tema, wawancara, unduh, unggah, pengumuman, mengontak, berita, rahasia, komentar
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Please have a look here for more info :
Click here : 'me-i' verbs, Tips & Notes, Addendum
Click here : Transitive & Intransitive verbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
Click here : Passive type 1 and 2 , Tips & Notes, Addendum
memasuki, meliputi, melayani, mewakili, melewati, melindungi, menikmati, memiliki, melalui, mengakhiri, mengikuti, mengatasi, mengakui, mengalami, menghadapi, menghindari, mengetahui, mengurangi, menguasai, mengenai, mempunyai, memenuhi, mempelajari, menyadari, memahami, menangani, mencapai, menjalani, menempati, menduduki, mendatangi
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sebagai, pada, kecuali, selama, sebelum, setelah, sejak, kemudian, sesudah, menurut, walau, demi
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Bahan
bahan, uang, debu, emas, terbuat, tembaga, besi, katun, perak, kain, pasir, karet, wol, kayu, plastik, logam
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barang, senjata, kotak, palang, kabel, objek, peta, kacamata, radio, dokumen, kartu, nampan, memuat, pengecas, bendera, hadiah, kunci, foto, pedang, komputer, bubuk, album, adaptor, masalah, bentuk, tanda, kamus, majalah, roda, pulpen, robot, layar, jarum, benang, lilin, amplop, korek, halaman, nyala, cahaya, padam
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titik, fungsi, material, pencarian, teori, jenis, dampak, energi, ilmu, metode, analisis, rumus, ide, penemuan, batas, suhu, skala, lingkaran, segitiga, atmosfer, sinar, derajat, ilmiah, pengetahuan, daftar, penelitian, membakar, reaksi, cara, teknologi, grafik, proses, perhitungan, persegi, sudut, hal, konsep
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Di-i verbs are the passive counterpart of the active 'me-i' verbs.
This skill is about passive verbs and the passive voice.
Translations in the active voice are rejected.
Please have a look here for more info :
Click here : 'me-i' verbs, Tips & Notes, Addendum
Click here : Transitive & Intransitive verbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
Click here : Passive type 1 and 2 , Tips & Notes, Addendum
dihubungi, diketahui, diikuti, disertai, diakui, dimiliki, dilengkapi, ditemui, dialami, dihadiri, ditangani, dikelilingi, dinamai, dikurangi, didampingi, dipenuhi, ditandai, dilindungi, dipengaruhi, diyakini, dipahami, dikuasai, dicapai, dijumpai, disukai, disetujui, dimintai, dikunjungi, ditandatangani, diawali, dilayani, dihadapi, dibatasi
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Seni
seni, karya, musik, sastra, tari, film, sinetron, teater, lukisan, pertunjukan, bioskop, ritme, puisi, artis, lagu, museum, novel, cerpen, piano, konser, aktor, peran, gitar, musisi, lirik, wayang, aktris, biola, disutradarai, dibintangi
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tuhan, berdoa, agama, percaya, malaikat, setan, mati, islam, katolik, hindu, beragama, dewa, dewi, takdir, kristen, buddha, beribadah, masjid, gereja, wihara, pura, ulama, pendeta, pastor, neraka, surga, jiwa, candi, dukun, santet, hantu, sembahyang, khotbah, dosa, pahala, natal, lebaran, paskah, raya, merayakan, amal, sedekah
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'memper-' verbs are active verbs.
'diper-' verbs are the passive counterpart.
Please have a look here for more info :
Click here: 'memper-' verbs , Tips & Notes, Addendum.
Click here : Transitive & Intransitive verbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
Click here : Passive type 1 and 2 , Tips & Notes, Addendum
memperkuat, memperlemah, memperpanjang, memperpendek, mempermudah, memperbanyak, memperbesar, mempersulit, memperkecil, mempercepat, memperlambat, memperbaiki, memperburuk, memperkaya, memperketat, memperluas
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usaha, saham, produksi, pembelian, rekening, industri, pajak, bos, konsumsi, pariwisata, keuntungan, modal, kontrak, penjualan, kekayaan, kredit, tingkat, investasi, konsumen, pabrik, pengangguran, penawaran, iklan, biaya, sewa, bisnis, ekonomi, pertanian
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Please have a look here for more info :
Click here : The Classifiers: Buah, Orang and Ekor
seekor, ekor, seseorang, segelas, sepucuk, secangkir, sepotong, sepiring, beberapa, sesuatu, masing-masing, butir, selembar, sebutir, semangkuk, lembar, semua, sehelai, sebatang, helai, batang, berbagai, sebuah, sejumlah, setiap
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'diper-' verbs are the apssive counterpart of the active 'memper-' verbs.
This skill is about passive verbs and the passive voice.
Translations in the active voice are rejected.
Please have a look here for more info :
Click here: 'memper-' verbs , Tips & Notes, Addendum.
Click here : Transitive & Intransitive verbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
Click here : Passive type 1 and 2 , Tips & Notes, Addendum
diperkuat, diperoleh, diperlemah, diperpanjang, diperpendek, diperbanyak, dipermudah, dipersulit, diperkecil, dipercepat, diperbesar, diperlambat, diperburuk, diperluas, diperbaiki, diperketat, diperkaya
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Olah raga
stadion, tim, golf, juara, kompetisi, tenis, menendang, balapan, sepak bola, pelatih, berenang, gol, olahraga, bulu tangkis, aba-aba, senam, kalah, pemenang, latihan, memukul, melompat, menang, memenangkan, memenangi
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Politik
perang, hak, kekuasaan, hukum, masyarakat, pembangunan, pemerintah, kewajiban, revolusi, kebebasan, partai, tentara, presiden, kesepakatan, keamanan, keadilan, krisis, politik, kementerian, kekerasan, konflik, mayoritas, oposisi, menteri, organisasi, wali kota, calon, hutang, balai kota, strategi, bangsa, suara, majelis, peristiwa, kejahatan, parlemen, negara, demokrasi, berjuang, pemilih, senator, memimpin, sistem, pidato, mendukung, pusat
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Tempat
tempat, daerah, ruang, alamat, provinsi, tepi, kabupaten, kebun binatang, pantai, desa, bar, gua, taman, kecamatan, wilayah, rute, jawa, pulau, kota, penjara, swalayan, jembatan, apartemen, menara, lantai, lokasi, aula, garasi
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There are few uses of Ke-an but most of them turns adjectives into nouns. Here are some examples:
| Root words | With confix ke-an |
|---|---|
| Bebas (Free) | Kebebasan (Freedom) |
| Aman (Secure) | Keamanan (Security) |
| Sedih (Sad) | Kesedihan (Sadness) |
| Beruntung (Lucky) | Keberuntungan (Luck) |
You will learn a few more examples as you progress.
kehidupan, kebutuhan, kematian, kesehatan, kekuatan, kesempatan, kebijakan, keadaan, kebaikan, keberuntungan, kebiasaan, kebenaran, kemajuan, keburukan, keindahan
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berjalan-jalan, melihat-lihat, bermain-main, berjaga-jaga, berhati-hati, berpura-pura, bersama-sama, berturut-turut
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Orang-orang
kelompok, penduduk, dewasa, pria, wanita, memperkenalkan, populasi, kerumunan, para, bapak, budaya, kenal, tetangga, rekan, tamu, pacar, mengenali, klien, remaja, gadis, tawanan, nona, pahlawan, nyonya, musuh, anggota, tuan
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Pe- prefix is used to form nouns.
Please have a look here for more info :
Click here : pe- Prefix, , Tips & Notes, Addendum
pejalan, pelajar, pelaku, pembaca, penyewa, pendiri, pendengar, pelukis, pemakai, pemberi, pencuci, pendatang, pembantu, pengirim, pengisi, pengunjung, pengembang, penggali, pembicara, pembuat, pembuka, penonton, penutup, pendukung, penerima
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perancis, amerika serikat, jerman, belanda, mesir, rusia, inggris, benua, asia, afrika, amerika, eropa, tiongkok, yunani, brasil, swiss, spanyol, dunia, tionghoa, australia
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Indonesian words are spoken as they are written. Vowels pronounciation:
| Indonesian | English |
|---|---|
| a | AH like "a" in "father" |
| e | AY like "a" in "date", or UH like "a" in "about", or E like "e" in "bed" |
| i | EE like "ee" in "see" |
| o | OH like "o" in "no", or AW like "o" in "on" |
| u | OO like "ou" in "you" |
Common sentence structure:
Subject – Verb – Object
Note that in Indonesian we don't have articles (a, an, the) and we don't discriminate between the singular form and the plural form of a noun. That's right, the word stays the same whether there is only one of it or there are more than one!
For example:
| Indonesian | English |
|---|---|
| Saya mau apel | I want an apple |
| Saya mau apel | I want apples |
| Kamu mau jeruk | You want an orange |
| Kamu mau jeruk | You want oranges |
You’ll find more tips and notes throughout the courses. Selamat belajar!
Please have a look here for more info:
Click here :'ini' , 'itu', Tips & Notes, Addendum.
Click here : Structure Basic sentence, Tips & notes, Addendum.
Click here : Overview Grammar Topics, Bahasa Indonesia, Tips & Notes, Addendum.
saya, makan, apel, suka, jeruk, mau, kamu, punya, itu, minum, air, susu, dia, kucing, merah, kuat, dan, hitam, putih
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Literally meaning "What (your) news" in English, Apa kabar actually means “How are you” or “How do you do”.
Siapa is used instead of apa for asking a person’s name in Indonesian. A fuller explanation Click Here
Generally, the sentence structure of Indonesian and English is similar. But, the structure of noun phrase is opposite to English, the main noun position is before the modifier noun.
For example:
Nama saya = My name
Apel merah = Red apple
In spoken Indonesian, You don’t need to translate “to be” (is, am, are). To be means adalah in Indonesian. Even, in written the function of it is just to emphasize the noun, sometimes it is also omitted.
For example:
My name is Jon = Nama saya Jon.
Indonesian has some ways to express “no” (bukan, tidak, jangan and belum) . Bukan is used to negate nouns and adverbs, Tidak is used to negate verbs and adjectives, Jangan is to tell somebody not to do something and Belum means not yet or event may happen in the future.
For example:
| Indonesian | English |
|---|---|
| Saya bukan James | I am not James |
| Kamu tidak suka jeruk | You do not like oranges |
| Jangan pergi! | Don't go! |
| Dia belum pergi | She has not gone yet |
Please have a look here for more info about the word order in a noun phrase:
Click here : Adjectives, Noun Phrase, Tips & Notes, Addendum
Please have a look here for more info :
Click here : Adalah, Tips & notes, Addendum
Please have a look here for more info about negation words:
Click here : Negation: Tidak, bukan, jangan, belum, Tips & Notes, Addendum.
halo, apa kabar, Andi, Tini, siapa, nama, dari, bukan, mana, Jakarta, Jepang, Bali, berapa, dua puluh, sepuluh, umur, tahun
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You have learned some personal pronouns in Basics 1 (aku, kamu, dia), and you are going to find the rest of them here. There are some highlights that should be put as a reminder:
Indonesian has formal and informal pronouns which you should pay attention the most when you are going to talk about “you” and “I” (Aww). Use “Anda” (You) and “Saya” (I) only in formal situation.
Indonesian differentiates between singular “you” and plural “you”. The use of “Kamu”/”Anda” signalizes the person to be only one, whereas “Kalian” means there are multiple people.
Indonesian has an inclusive and exclusive “we”. For example, if you (A) and your friend (B) are talking to someone (C), and the conversation goes like this:
A: “Kami makan ikan.” (We eat fish).
This means that A and B ate fish, but C might or did not. But if it is like this:
A: “Kita makan ikan.” (We eat fish).
This means that all of them ate fish. The first example uses “Kami” which implies exclusivity, whereas the second example uses “Kita” to include C, which implies inclusiveness.
Indonesian does not have non-personal subject pronouns, hence use “itu” (that) or “ini” (this) instead.
Here is the table to summarize the rules of pronoun uses:
| English | Indonesian | Formal/Informal |
|---|---|---|
| I | Saya | Formal |
| I | Aku | Informal |
| You (Singular) | Anda | Formal |
| You (Singular) | Kamu | Informal |
| You (Plural) | Kalian | Formal & Informal |
| We (Inclusive) | Kita | Formal & Informal |
| We (Exclusive) | Kami | Formal & Informal |
| He/She | Dia | Formal & Informal |
| They | Mereka | Formal & Informal |
Please have a look here for more info :
Click here: "ia" & "dia" , the differences :
Please have a look here for more info:
Click here :'ini' , 'itu', Tips & Notes, Addendum.
aku, kita, menulis, buku, surat, mereka, membaca, menu, koran, ini, anda, kami, kalian, besar, gaun, kaya, ia
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Indonesian uses the word selamat to greet people. Selamat is actually derived from Arabic word salam which means peace. You just need to add selamat before the time or condition in greeting.
| Indonesian | English |
|---|---|
| Selamat pagi | Good morning |
| Selamat siang | Good afternoon |
| Selamat sore | Good afternoon |
| Selamat malam | Good evening |
| Selamat tidur | (lit. Good sleep) Good night |
| Selamat tinggal | (lit. Good leaving) Goodbye |
| Selamat datang | (lit. Good coming) Welcome |
Note that the concept of time of the day in Indonesian is slightly different from that in English, so use the greetings accordingly!
| Position of the sun | Time of the day |
|---|---|
| The sun is going up, from dawn to around 10am | Pagi |
| The sun is right up your head, from around 10am to 3pm | Siang |
| The sun is going down, from around 3pm to dusk | Sore |
| The sun is not visible in the sky | Malam |
Indonesian also uses Assalamu ’alaikum to greet someone and responds with Wa 'alaikumsalam as Islam majority country.
The word selamat is also used to congratulate other people.
| Indonesian | English |
|---|---|
| Selamat ulang tahun | Happy birthday |
| Selamat Idul Fitri | Eid Mubarak |
| Selamat tahun baru | Happy new year |
| Selamat natal | Merry christmas |
Terima kasih means "thank you" is Indonesian phrase to express gratitude. If you want to express greater sense of gratitude, you can say terima kasih banyak.
In informal situations, you can just shorten terima kasih become makasih just like "thanks" in English.
Sama-sama or Terima kasih kembali is used to respond thanking, “You are welcome” in English.
tidak, ya, terima kasih, maaf, selamat pagi, silakan, sama-sama, sampai jumpa, selamat datang, selamat jalan, assalamualaikum, selamat siang, waalaikumsalam, selamat tinggal, permisi, selamat malam, terima kasih banyak, selamat sore, sampai jumpa lagi, salam, selamat idul fitri
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Rice is the staple food for Indonesians.
Indonesian has the following words for rice:
'padi' = rice when it's still growing in the fields.
'beras' = rice when it's harvested and ready for sale (raw).
'nasi' = rice when it's cooked (and edible).
So, when you're travelling through the country and see the ricefields ('sawah'), what you see is called 'padi'.
Raw, uncooked rice in a shop or a market is called 'beras'.
It's only called 'nasi' when it's cooked and edible.
Please have a look here for more info about the word order in a noun phrase:
Click here : Adjectives, Noun Phrase, Tips & Notes, Addendum
For more info about the use of 'ini' and 'itu':
Click here: 'ini' , 'itu', Tips & Notes, Addendum
For more info about 'negation':
Click here: Negation: Tidak, bukan, jangan, belum, Tips & Notes, Addendum.
nasi, goreng, ayam, dengan, restoran, pesan, minuman, sup, makanan, daging, tomat, tahu, jus, tempe, stroberi, telur, sarapan, teh, kopi, kue, enak, manis, roti, gula, cokelat, merica, garam, kacang, pisang, es, panas, minta, sambal, kecap, bayar, harga
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'dari', 'ke' , 'di' are the main prepositions used to indicated location.
It's used like this :
Dari sini = From here (movement from a place)
Ke sini = To here (movement to a place)
Di sini = Here (no movement)
Dari sana = From there (movement from a place)
Ke sana = To there (movement to a place)
Di sana = There (no movement)
Examples:
Saya pulang dari kantor. = I come home from the office.
Saya pergi ke sekolah. = I go to school.
Saya ada di rumah. = I am at home.
Please note that an Indonesian sentence doesn't necessarily need a verb.
The following sentences are also correct:
Saya dari Indonesia. = I am from Indonesia.
Saya ke sekolah. = I go to school.
Saya di rumah. = I am at home.
Please have a look here for more info :
Click here : Ada, Tips & notes, Addendum
Click here : Adalah, Tips & notes, Addendum
Click here : Structure Basic sentence, Tips & notes, Addendum
Click here : Negation: Tidak, bukan, jangan, belum, Tips & Notes, Addendum
di, ada, dapur, rumah, sini, sekolah, ke, pergi, gedung, pasar, hotel, sana, situ, pulang, bank, toko, toilet
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A base word can belong to one or more word classes: noun, verb, adjective, etc...
This skill is about the verb as a base word.
Examples:
Saya datang = I come.
Saya pergi = I go.
Saya lupa = I forgot.
Saya ingat = I remember.
Saya pulang = I go home.
The base words as shown in the examples above are verbs.
These base words don't need an affix (more about affixes in later skills) to function as a verb.
Verbs are not conjugated in Indonesian.
Present tense, past tense, future tense: the verb remains the same.
Singular, plural : the verb remains the same.
Examples:
Saya datang kemarin = I came yesterday.
Mereka datang hari ini. = They come today.
Dia akan datang besok. = He/She will come tomorrow.
No matter the time (present/past/future) or the quantity (singular/plural), the verb 'datang' remains 'datang.
Time is expressed by using time markers (yesterday, today, tomorrow, etc...).
Singular or plural also doesn't matter, 'datang' remains 'datang'.
That's easy, isn't it !?
datang, duduk, muncul, setuju, keluar, masuk, kembali, jatuh, tidur, tahu, lupa, ingat, tinggal, mulai, selesai, bisa
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In contrast to English, Indonesian possessive pronouns are just the same with subjective and objective pronouns. For example:
"Ini rumah saya" (This is my house)
"Ini rumah anda" (This is your house)
"Ini rumah mereka" (This is their house)
There are some exceptions for “aku”, “kamu”, and “dia”,which uses affixes "-ku", "-mu", and "-nya" respectively:
"Ini rumah aku"= "Ini rumahku" (This is my house)
"Ini rumah kamu"= "Ini rumahmu" (This is your house)
"Ini rumah dia"= "Ini rumahnya" (This is his/her house)
Take note that the pronouns are definitely located behind the noun even if it has 2 or more words. For example:
"Ini kamar mandi saya" (This is my bathroom)
"Rumah besarku" (My big house)
"Di mana gaun hitam barumu?" (Where is your new black dress?)
Please have a look here for more info about the word order in a noun phrase:
Click here : Adjectives, Noun Phrase, Tips & Notes, Addendum
Please have a look here for more info:
Click here :'ini' , 'itu', Tips & Notes, Addendum.
-ku, bola, milik, nama orang, -mu, anjing, -nya, pensil
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Pakaian
This skill is about clothing related items and most of the words introduced here are nouns.
Please remember that an Indonesian noun phrase starts with the noun, followed by the modifiers (adjectives, possesive pronouns, etc).
Examples [noun phrase]:
Saya punya [kemeja putih]. = I have a [white shirt].
[Kemeja saya] putih. = [My shirt] is white.
[Kemeja putih saya] di tas. = [My white shirt]* is in the bag.
Please note that 'kemeja' (a shirt) is not the same as a T-shirt ('kaus').
kemeja = shirt (with buttons and a collar).
kaus = T-shirt
'kaus' is often spelled and pronounced as 'kaos'.
'kaus' is the official spelling.
'kaos' has a different meaning in the official spelling.
Kaos kacau balau
More info about the word order in a noun phrase:
Click here : Adjectives, Noun Phrase, Tips & Notes, Addendum
More info about 'ini', 'itu':
Click here :'ini' , 'itu', Tips & Notes, Addendum.
tas, kantong, pakaian, membeli, celana, sepatu, dompet, payung, sabuk, kemeja, mantel, jaket, rok, membawa, sarung tangan, kaus kaki, topi, syal, dasi, memakai, kaus
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Conjunctives work similarly to English; they are used to connect phrases.
One difference worth noting: the conjunction yang expands a previously mentioned idea, just like which, that, or i.e. in English. For instance,
'Dia membaca buku yang saya suka'
translates to
'He reads a book that I like.'
However, while you can omit the that in the English translation, omitting yang in the Indonesian sentence would make it lose its original meaning.
tapi = tetapi = but (tetapi is more formal)
ketika = saat = waktu = when (at the time that)
More info about the word order in a noun phrase:
Click here : Adjectives, Noun Phrase, Tips & Notes, Addendum
More info about 'ini', 'itu':
Click here :'ini' , 'itu', Tips & Notes, Addendum.
tapi, yang, atau, ketika, karena, jadi, namun
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Here you'll learn a thing or two about plural words in Bahasa Indonesia. Here is your starter pack to start your journey:
Take a look at the recap (Let's put a spotlight on spoons):
| English | Indonesian | Do or Don't |
|---|---|---|
| Spoons | Sendok-sendok | Do |
| Many spoons | Banyak sendok | Do |
| Two spoons | Dua sendok | Do |
| Two spoons | Dua sendok-sendok | Don't |
| Two green spoons | Dua sendok hijau | Do |
| Two green spoons | Dua sendok-sendok hijau | Don't |
| Two green spoons | Dua sendok hijau-hijau | No please don't |
| Two green spoons | Dua hijau sendok-sendok | Obviously don't |
The noun is not repeated when it is obvious from context if it is singular or plural.
(satu sendok, dua sendok, tiga sendok, banyak sendok).
The noun is also not repeated when talking about it in general: :
"Anjng makan tulang." = "Dogs eat bones".
"Kucing suka susu." = "Cats like milk."
More info about the word order in a noun phrase:
Click here : Adjectives, Noun Phrase, Tips & Notes, Addendum
More info about 'ini', 'itu':
Click here :'ini' , 'itu', Tips & Notes, Addendum.
apel, jeruk, kucing, buku, surat, koran, gaun, rumah, sekolah, gedung, bola, anjing, kue, hotel, toko
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The ber- prefix can be attached to a noun, a verb, or an adjective. This prefix has several different meanings.
To have
| root | ber + noun | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| anak | beranak | to have a child |
| nama | bernama | to have the name |
To wear (items of clothing) or use (vehicles)
| root | ber + noun | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| sepatu | bersepatu | to wear shoes |
| sepeda | bersepeda | to use (go by) bicycle |
To do
| root | ber + verb | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| jalan | berjalan | to walk |
| main | bermain | to play |
To produce
| root | ber + noun | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| telur | bertelur | to produce eggs |
| bunyi | berbunyi | to make a sound |
To work (have an occupation)
| root | ber + noun/verb | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| tani | bertani | to farm (to work as a farmer) |
| dagang | berdagang | to trade (to work as a trader) |
The prefix ber- can become be- or bel- depending on the first letter or syllable of the root word.
Ber- becomes be- if it is attached to a root word that begins with the letter r- or its first syllable ends with -er-. For example, ber + rambut becomes berambut (to have hair) and ber + kerja becomes bekerja (to work).
Ber- becomes bel- if it is attached to the word ajar: ber + ajar becomes belajar (to study).
berhasil, berjalan, berhenti, berdiri, berada, bersaing, bertemu, berangkat, berubah, berbicara, berkembang, berkunjung, berkumpul, berlaku, bekerja, belajar, bermain, berpikir, bersama, berasal, berharap, bergerak
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An easy way to ask a yes/no question is simply to raise your intonation, with practically no change in the statement. In written form, this raised intonation is indicated by a question mark.
Another way is to use the word apa or apakah at the beginning of the sentence. In this context, both words have no actual meaning; they simply indicate that the sentence is a question. Note that apakah is more formal.
You can also ask a yes/no question by attaching -kah to another word, which is placed in the beginning of the question.
| English | Indonesian |
|---|---|
| what | apa |
| who | siapa |
| why | mengapa, kenapa |
| how | bagaimana |
| when | kapan |
| where | di mana |
Apa is used to ask questions about objects, meaning what or what kind of. Note that in this case, the word apa is different from the one used in yes/no questions.
Siapa is used to ask questions about a person. Although it means who, it is also used to ask someone's name or to whom an object belongs.
While mengapa and kenapa both mean why, kenapa is less formal.
Kapan is used to ask questions about a particular point in time. Even though it means when, kapan is only used in questions. It cannot be used as a conjunction.
The word mana is usually combined with a preposition. Apart from di, mana is also combined with ke and dari: ke mana (where to) and dari mana (where from).
More info about question words :
Click here : Question words, Tips & Notes, Addendum
More info about 'apa' and 'siapa' :
Click here : Apa, Siapa, Tips & Notes, Addendum
apa, kenapa, bagaimana, kapan, di mana, benar, salah, kah, mengapa, pertanyaan
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Warna
Kausmu warna-warni = Your T-shirt is colourful.
Casual informal T-shirt.
warna, biru, hijau, kuning, abu-abu, ungu, oranye, merah muda, cokelat
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In this lesson you will learn verbs with the preffix me-. Verbs with this prefix are usually transitive verbs; they need an object. (Not all me-verbs are transitive).
In conversations, some verbs may lose their me- prefix without a change in meaning. This often sounds less formal. The reverse can be true sometimes where not dropping the me- prefix makes one sound overly formal. You will have to learn these quirks in the field.
Very often, the prefix causes sound change when attached to a base verb. The table below lists this behaviour:
| affix | verb’s starting letter | example |
|---|---|---|
| me- | l, m, n, r, w, y, ng, ny | meminum (minum) |
| mem- | b, f, v | membuat (buat) |
| men- | d, j, c | mencari (cari) |
| mem- | p (dissolves into “m”) | memesan (pesan) |
| men- | t (dissolves into “n”) | menebang (tebang) |
Examples :
l, m, n, r, w ==> me + base
lempar ==> melempar
minta ==> meminta
b, f, v ==> me + m
buat ==> membuat
buka ==> membuka
beri ==> memberi
bayar ==> membayar
bangun ==> membangun
c, d, j ==> me + n
coba ==> mencoba
cari ==> mencari
jaga ==> menjaga
jadi ==> menjadi
dengar ==> mendengar
dorong ==> mendorong
dapat ==> mendapat
p ==> me + m – p
pesan ==> memesan
panggil ==> memanggil
pilih ==> memilih
t ==> me + n – t
tarik ==> menarik
tunggu ==> menunggu
tutup ==> menutup
terima ==> menerima
turut ==> menurut
tolak ==> menolak
Please have a look here for additional info :
Click here : "Me- verbs", Tips & Notes, Addendum
More info about transitive and intransitive verbs :
Click here : Transitive & Intransitive verbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
meminum, melempar, melihat, meminta, memakan, memulai, membuat, membantu, membuka, memberi, membayar, membangun, mencoba, mencari, menjaga, mendengar, mendorong, menjadi, menjual, mendapat, memesan, memanggil, memilih, menarik, menunggu, menutup, menerima, menurut, menolak
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Kata sifat
If an adjective is modifying a noun, the adjective is placed after the noun.
In a noun phrase, the head noun comes first, followed by the adjectives and other modifiers of the noun.
Examples:
Minuman dingin. = Cold drink.
Saya suka kopi dingin = I like cold coffee.
Adjectives about quantity (sedikit, banyak) are placed before the noun.
Examples:
Saya punya sedikit gula. = I have a little bit of sugar.
Saya punya banyak buku. = I have many books.
Saya punya banyak kucing kecil. = I have many small cats.
An adjective can also function as a predicate.
Examples:
Kamu cantik. = You are beautiful.
Saya pendek dan kamu tinggi. = I am short and you are tall.
Kamu muda dan saya tua. = You are young and I am old.
Ini mudah, ini tidak sulit. = This is easy, this is not difficult.
Ini gampang, ini tidak susah. = This is easy, this is not difficult.
Please note that in the examples above, the Indonesian sentences don't use a verb.
The adjective is the predicate in these sentences.
The English sentences use the verb "to be" to connect the subject and predicate.
In other words, when translating these type of sentences from English to Indonesian, the verb "to be" is not translated.
The verb "to be" can be translated as 'adalah" or 'ada' in another context, but not in these sentences.
Examples:
You are beautiful.
Kamu ~~adalah/ada~~ cantik.
==> 'adalah' / 'ada' cannot be used here.
This is easy, this is not difficult.
Ini ~~adalah/ada~~ gampang, ini ~~adalah/ada~~ tidak susah.
==> 'adalah' / 'ada' cannot be used here.
Please have a look here for more info about the word order in a noun phrase:
Click here : Adjectives, Noun Phrase, Tips & Notes, Addendum
For more info about the use of 'ini' and 'itu':
Click here: 'ini' , 'itu', Tips & Notes, Addendum
dingin, hangat, baru, banyak, betul, sedikit, kecil, panjang, pendek, tinggi, muda, tua, jelek, cantik, bersih, kotor, miskin, jauh, dekat, jelas, rusak, bodoh, sempurna, sulit, mudah, biasa, pintar, mirip, lain, bahagia, sedih, penuh
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
| Units | Numbers | Written | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| - | 11 – 19 | Belas | Belasan |
| 10s | 10 – 90 | Puluh | Puluhan |
| 100s | 100 – 900 | Ratus | Ratusan |
| 1000s | 1000 – 9000 | Ribu | Ribuan |
Since we're in Numbers, let's go for a bit of math. Imagine if Z is a number. Let's assume that Z is 4 (Z = 4). Note that you can only replace Z with numbers 1 to 9.
| Mathematical Form | Written Form | Indonesian | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Z + 10 | Z belas | Empat belas | Fourteen |
| Z x 10 | Z puluh | Empat puluh | Forty |
| Z x 100 | Z ratus | Empat ratus | Four hundred |
| Z x 1000 | Z ribu | Empat ribu | Four thousand |
| Z x 10 x 1000 | Z puluh ribu | Empat puluh ribu | Forty thousand |
| Z x 100 x 1000 | Z ratus ribu | Empat ratus ribu | Four hundred thousand |
| Z x 1000 x 1000 | Z juta | Empat juta | Four millions |
The formula goes on even if the range widens. Easy, isn't it? Though, it should be noted that there is an exception for numbers that start with 1 (except 1 and 12 to 19) for they start with "se-" as the substitute of "satu" (one):
| Range | Number | Indonesian | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Belas | 11 | Sebelas | Eleven |
| Puluh | 10 | Sepuluh | Ten |
| Ratus | 100 | Seratus | A hundred |
| Ribu | 1.000 | Seribu | A thousand |
It should be noted, however, that it is acceptable to use "satu" instead of "se-" for numbers that start with 1 for ranges "Juta" (Million), "Miliar" (Billion), and above.
lusin = dozen.
selusin sama dengan dua belas.
one dozen equals twelve.
nol, satu, dua, tiga, empat, nomor, tambah, sama, lima, enam, tujuh, delapan, sembilan, jumlah, kurang, sebelas, lusin, selusin, belas, puluh, kali, ratus, seratus, seribu, ribu, sejuta, juta, persen, semiliar, miliar, pertama, kedua, ketiga, sekali, ratusan, ribuan, puluhan
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
'me-' verbs are formed like this :
[me-] + [base word] = me-verb.
Depending upon the starting letter of the [base word], the 'me-' perfix is conjugated.
| Starting letter base word | Conjugation |
|---|---|
| l, m, n, r, w | Me + base |
| vowel, g, h | Me + ng |
| c, d, j | Me + n |
| b, f, v | Me + m |
| k | Me + ng – k |
| t | Me + n – t |
| s | Me + ny – s |
| p | Me + m – p |
| monosyllabic | Me + nge +base |
Examples :
vowel, g, h ==> me + ng
erti ==> mengerti
ambil ==> mengambil
ubah ==> mengubah
ingat ==> mengingat
ajar ==> mengajar
isi ==> mengisi
gali ==> menggali
hadap ==> menghadap
hilang ==> menghilang
gambar ==> menggambar
ganggu ==> mengganggu
ganti ==> mengganti
s ==> me + ny – s
simpan ==> menyimpan
susun ==> menyusun
sentuh ==> menyentuh
sewa ==> menyewa
sapa ==> menyapa
sapu ==> menyapu
k ==> me + ng – k
kirim ==> mengirim
kejar ==> mengejar
kandung ==> mengandung
l, m, n, r, w ==> me + base
rawat ==> merawat
rusak ==> merusak
nyala ==> menyala
nyanyi ==> menyanyi
Most of the 'me-' verbs are transitive.
That means that this verb can have an object in a sentence.
This object can function as the subject if the sentence is made passive.
(Passive verbs and passive sentences are covered in other skills).
Please have a look here for additional info :
Click here : "Me- verbs", Tips & Notes, Addendum
More info about transitive and intransitive verbs :
Click here : Transitive & Intransitive verbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
mengerti, mengambil, mengubah, mengingat, mengajar, mengisi, menggali, menghadap, menghilang, menggambar, mengganggu, mengganti, menyimpan, menyusun, menyentuh, menyewa, menyapa, menyapu, mengirim, mengejar, mengandung, merawat, merusak, menyala, menyanyi
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Kata sifat
Like already mentioned in the other skill about 'adjectives', an adjective can have the following functions :
- Attributive function
- Predicative function
- Adverbial function
Attributive function:
If an adjective is modifying a noun, the adjective is placed after the noun.
In a noun phrase, the head noun comes first, followed by the adjectives and other modifiers of the noun.
The word order in a noun phrase [FN]:
(a) [FN] = noun + adjective + personal pronoun + determiner
(b) [FN] = noun + personal pronoun + 'yang' + adjective + determiner
(a) Kucing kecil saya itu = That small cat of mine.
(b) Kucing saya yang kecil itu = That small cat of mine.
Predicative function
An adjective can also function as a predicate:
Kamu cantik. = You are pretty.
Kamu lucu. = You are funny.
Kucingku nakal. = My cat is naughty.
Nenek sakit. = Grandmother is ill.
Tini sehat. = Tini is healthy.
Please note that in the examples above, the Indonesian sentences don't use a verb.
The adjective is the predicate in these sentences.
The English sentences use the verb "to be" to connect the subject and predicate.
In other words, when translating these type of sentences from English to Indonesian, the verb "to be" is not translated.
The verb "to be" can be translated as 'adalah" or 'ada' in another context, but not in these sentences.
Examples:
You are funny.
Kamu ~~adalah/ada~~ lucu.
==> 'adalah' / 'ada' cannot be used here.
My cat is naughty.
Kucingku ~~adalah/ada~~ nakal.
==> 'adalah' / 'ada' cannot be used here.
Tini is healthy.
Tini ~~adalah~~ sehat.
==> 'adalah' / 'ada' cannot be used here.
Please have a look here for more info about the word order in a noun phrase:
Click here : Adjectives, Noun Phrase, Tips & Notes, Addendum
For more info about the use of 'ini' and 'itu':
Click here: 'ini' , 'itu', Tips & Notes, Addendum
baik, buruk, indah, tampan, gelap, terang, berat, ringan, rumit, sederhana, ramah, nakal, ragu, mantap, cukup, lebih, khusus, umum, bagus, kering, basah, lucu, serius, jahat, utama, sakit, sehat, lama, sebentar, resmi, siap, sesuai, hilang, tutup, buka, menarik, lebar, keras, sempit, lembut, berbahaya
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Keluarga
This skill introduces the names of the family members.
Kakek = grandfather
Nenek = grandmother
Ayah = father
Ibu = mother
Kakak = older brother / older sister
Adik = younger brother / younger sister
Some of these family names, (bapak, ibu, saudara), are also used as a 'title' when addressing a person.
Examples:
Apakah Bapak/Ibu ingin teh manis ?
Does father/mother want sweet tea ?
Do you (Mister/Madam) want sweet tea ?
Kapan Bapak/Ibu pergi ke Jakarta ?
When does father/mother go to jakarta ?
When do you (Mister/Madam) go to Jakarta ?
Saudara saudari, selamat datang di pertemuan ini.
Brothers and sisters, welcome to this gathering.
Bapak/Pak and Ibu/Bu are often used to address someone in a polite way.
It's considered rude to address someone who is older than you are with 'kamu'.
Bapak/Pak and Ibu/Bu can be used as a polite substitute for 'kamu / Anda / kalian'.
Saudara can also be used like that, to address someone of about the same age, also to avoid the use of 'kamu / Anda'.
ayah, orang tua, ibu, seorang, laki-laki, perempuan, anak, pasangan, suami, istri, keponakan, kakak, adik, adalah, menikah, sepupu, nenek, meninggal, kakek, cucu, orang, putra, putri, saudara, saudari, paman, tante, abang, keluarga, melahirkan, bayi, hamil, mertua, menantu, ipar
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Dapur
This skill introduces new words related to the kitchen.
Examples:
Saya masak di dapur. = I cook in the kitchen.
Pisau saya tajam. = My knife is sharp.
Wajan saya besar. = My wok is big.
Tini menggoreng pisang di wajan. = Tini fries bananas in the wok.
Tono suka makanan pedas. = Tono likes spicy (hot) food.
Makanan ini perlu bumbu. = This food needs seasoning (spices).
Some verbs related to the kitchen :
potong ==> memotong = to cut, to chop.
iris ==> mengiris = to slice thinly.
masak ==> memasak = to cook (cooking in general).
goreng ==> menggoreng = to fry (oil is used).
rebus ==> merebus = to boil (water is used).
kukus ==> mengukus = to steam (steam of hot water is used).
panggang ==> memanggang = to grill/roast/broil (above coal fire, in an oven).
bakar ==> membakar = to burn ; to grill/roast/broil (same as panggang).
memasak, pisau, minyak, sayur, buah, kubis, wortel, labu, untuk, menggoreng, wajan, kangkung, mentega, bir, cabai, cuka, paprika, bayam, merebus, panci, selai, anggur, kulkas, mi, terung, bawang, seledri, memotong, bubur, piring, keju, pasta, permen, spageti, brokoli, lobak, mengiris, oven, kentang, bumbu, memanggang, kompor, ubi, selada, jahe, asam, pahit, tawar, asin, pedas, gurih, rasa
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Examples of conjunction words that are used to connect two clauses:
Saya tahu bahwa Tini pintar sekali.
I know that Tini is very clever.
Tini sangat pintar, tetapi dia harus belajar juga.
Tini is very smart, but she has to study as well.
Dia belajar setiap hari agar dia bisa lulus.
She studies every day so that she can graduate.
Jika dia lulus, kita akan membeli hadiah.
If she graduates, we will buy a present.
Nama depannya pendek, yaitu Tini dan Tono.
Their first names are short, i.e. Tini and Tono.
tetapi = tapi <== synonyms ;'tapi' is less formal.
agar = supaya <== synonyms ;'supaya' is less formal.
jika = kalau <== synonyms ;'kalau' is less formal.
seperti, bahwa, tetapi, sehingga, jika, yaitu, agar, bahkan, tanpa, kalau, daripada
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Pekerjaan
This skill introduces vocabulary regarding jobs and professions.
Names of jobs/professions can be formed by using the 'pe-' prefix.
[pe-] + [base word] = noun.
[pe-] + [tari] = penari. = dancer.
[pe-] + [nyanyi] = penyanyi. = singer.
[pe-] + [beli] = pembeli. = buyer.
[pe-] + [jual] = penjual. = seller.
[pe-] + [dagang] = pedagang. = trader, merchant.
[pe-] + [tulis] = penulis. = writer, author.
[pe-] + [pikir] = pemikir. = thinker, philosopher.
[pe-] + [rawat] = perawat. = nurse.
[pe-] + [layan] = pelayan. = waiter, servant.
Some names of jobs are imported loan words, like : dokter, insinyur, sopir, sekretaris, jurnalis.
More info about the 'pe-' prefix :
Click here : pe- Prefix, , Tips & Notes, Addendum.'
For more info about 'negation':
Click here: Negation: Tidak, bukan, jangan, belum, Tips & Notes, Addendum.
profesi, karier, dokter, guru, petani, nelayan, tukang, peneliti, raja, pangeran, ratu, polisi, pengacara, penjual, insinyur, profesor, hakim, pelayan, koki, pembeli, pemilik, jurnalis, wartawan, sekretaris, perawat, pegawai, pejabat, penyanyi, penari, pekerjaan, pekerja, penulis, pemimpin, prajurit, sopir, pemain, pemikir
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Tanggal dan waktu
This skill introduces vocabulary about dates and times.
Examples:
Tahun, bulan, minggu, hari, jam, menit, detik.
Year, month, week, day, hour, minute, second.
Tini di Bali bulan lalu.
Tini was in Bali last month.
Tini akan pergi ke Bali minggu depan.
Tini will go to Bali next week.
Tadi pagi Tono makan nasi goreng.
This morning Tono ate nasi goreng.
Pagi, siang, sore, malam, Tono selalu makan nasi goreng.
Morning, noon, afternoon, evening, night, Tono always eats nasi goreng.
Setiap hari dia makan nasi goreng.
Every day he eats nasi goreng.
Musim hujan, musim kemarau, musim apa pun, dia makan nasi goreng.
Rainy season, dry season, whatever season, he eats nasi goreng.
hari, senin, selasa, rabu, kamis, jumat, sabtu, minggu, detik, menit, jam, bulan, lalu, depan, pagi, siang, sore, petang, malam, kemarin, besok, lusa, kemarau, hujan, sekarang, musim, saat
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Kata Keterangan
Adverbs are used to clarify/modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or an entire sentence.
Examples:
Kamu sangat cantik. = You are very pretty.
Kamu cantik sekali. = You are very pretty.
Saya baru bangun. = I just woke up.
Saya masih di rumah. = I am still at home.
Saya sudah makan. = I have already eaten.
Saya belum mandi. = I have not yet taken a shower.
Saya sudah pernah ke Bali. = I have ever been to Bali.
Saya belum pernah ke Bali. = I have never been to Bali.
Saya jarang ke pantai. = I seldom go to the beach.
Saya sering ke pantai. = I often go to the beach.
Kadang-kadang Tini juga ikut. = Sometimes Tini also comes along.
Tini tentu akan ikut hari ini. = Tini will certainly come along today.
Mungkin Tono juga mau ikut. = Maybe Tono would also like to come along.
Nanti saya pergi ke pantai. = Later I'll go to the beach.
Hanya Tini yang ikut ke pantai. = Only Tini is coming along to the beach.
Biasanya kami naik mobil. = Usually we go by car.
Sopirnya hampir di sini. = The chauffeur is almost here.
Tiba-tiba sopirnya muncul. = Suddenly the chauffeur appears.
Kami langsung pergi. = We immediately go.
More info about adverbs :
Click here : Adverbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
juga, akan, sudah, masih, sangat, belum, pernah, langsung, paling, akhirnya, sering, biasanya, mungkin, segera, selalu, hampir, nanti, terlalu, sebaliknya, jangan, tentu, setidaknya, agak, tiba-tiba, lagi-lagi, kadang-kadang, rupanya, hanya, telah
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
The di- prefix is used to make a verb passive. In an active sentence the subject does the verb, while in a passive sentence, the verb is done to the subject of the sentence.
Examples:
| Active sentence | Passive sentence | |
|---|---|---|
| ID-1 | Adikku mengambil dompetku. | Dompetku diambil oleh adikku. |
| EN-1 | My little sibling took my wallet. | My wallet was taken by my little sibling. |
| ID-2 | Mereka memakan nasi. | Nasi dimakan mereka. |
| EN-2 | They ate the rice. | The rice was eaten by them”. |
| ID-3 | Banyak orang mengenal Taylor Swift. | Taylor Swift dikenal oleh banyak orang. |
| EN-3 | Many people know Taylor Swift. | Taylor Swift is known by many people. |
Examples:
1) Dompetku diambil (oleh) adikku.
2) Dompetku sudah diambil (oleh) adikku tadi pagi.
3) Dompetku sudah diambil tadi pagi oleh adikku.
In the first two sentences the 'di-' verb is followed directly by the agent/actor (the one performing the action).
'oleh' can be left out in such a sentence.
In the third sentence, the 'di-' verb is not directly followed by the agent/actor.
'oleh' cannot be left out in such a sentence.
This skill is about passive verbs and the passive voice.
Translations in the active voice are rejected.
Please have a look here for more info about the 'passive voice' :
Click here : Passive type 1 and 2 , Tips & Notes, Addendum
Click here : Transitive & Intransitive verbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
oleh, disebut, dianggap, dikenal, dibuat, dirilis, dimulai, diduga, dibangun, diberi, didukung, dipakai, diambil, dilarang, dibawa, ditulis, diterima, ditangkap, dipimpin, diperiksa, diproduksi, dinilai, dilihat, dibentuk, dijual, diangkat, dibuka, dipilih, ditutup, diminta, dibagi, ditambah
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Tubuh, Badan
This skill introduces vocabulary about body parts.
Examples :
Wajahmu cantik.
Your face is pretty.
Rambutmu panjang.
Your hair is long.
Matamu biru.
Your eyes are blue.
Bibirmu merah.
Your lips are red.
Gigimu putih.
Your teeth are white.
Hidungmu pesek.
Your nose is flat.
Hidungmu mancung.
Your nose is sharp.
Kakimu panjang.
Your legs are long.
Badanmu langsing.
Your body is slim.
More body parts in the lessons, selamat belajar !
tubuh, kepala, wajah, dahi, mata, alis, cium, rambut, telinga, hidung, mulut, bibir, bau, mencium, gigi, lidah, pipi, leher, tenggorokan, dada, perut, bahu, punggung, tangan, sikut, lengan, jari, pergelangan, kaki, paha, lutut, telapak, kuku, otot, kulit, jantung, paru, darah, otak, tulang, organ
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
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'-an' suffix is used to create nouns (from verbs, adjectives, nouns, etc...)
The noun has the meaning related to the base word.
Examples:
[base word] + [-an] = noun
[bagi (noun)]+ [-an] = bagian = part.
[bangun (verb)]+ [-an] = bangunan = building.
[bantu (verb)]+ [-an] = bantuan = help.
[catat (verb)] + [-an] = catatan = a note.
[layan (verb)] + [-an] = layanan = service
[lapor (verb)] + [-an] = laporan = report
[pilih (verb)]+ [-an] = pilihan = choice.
[serang (verb)]+ [-an] = serangan = an attack.
[tambah (noun)]+ [-an] = tambahan = addition.
[urut (adjective)]+ [-an] = urutan = sequence, order.
Please have look here for more info:
Click here : -an Suffix, Tips & Notes, Addendum
bagian, catatan, hubungan, bangunan, serangan, lingkungan, tujuan, lapangan, bantuan, laporan, pimpinan, anggaran, layanan, dukungan, urutan, jabatan, dugaan, putaran, tambahan, pilihan, an
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Arah
Mata angin :
kanan, kiri, posisi, dalam, belok, arah, atas, bawah, samping, luar, balik, naik, turun, utara, selatan, timur, barat, menuju, belakang, barat daya, barat laut, timur laut, tenggara, kutub, terbang, lewat, tiba, jarak, kompas
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
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The example sentences below use transitive me-verbs in the (+) declarative sentences.
When these (+) declarative sentences are converted into the (!) imperative mood, the me- prefix is dropped (the suffix remains in place).
In the imperative mood, '-lah' particle can be attached to soften the tone of the command.
Another way to soften the tone of the command is by using words as 'mohon', 'coba', 'tolong', 'silakan'.
The command will sound more like a polite question asking for help.
Examples:
(+) Kamu mengambil es teh.
(!) Ambil es teh !
(!) Ambillah es teh !
Get an iced tea !
(+) Kamu mengambilkan ibumu segelas es teh.
(!) Ambilkan ibumu segelas es teh !
(!) Ambilkanlah ibumu segelas es teh !
Get your mother an iced tea !
(+) Kamu menyelesaikan pekerjaanmu.
(!) Selesaikan pekerjaanmu !
(!) Selesaikanlah pekerjaanmu !
Finish your work !
(+) Kamu menjawab pertanyaan saya.
(!) Jawab pertanyaan saya !
(!) Jawablah pertanyaan saya !
Answer my question !
(+) Kamu melempar bolanya ke Tini.
(!) Lempar bolanya ke Tini !
(!) Lemparlah bolanya ke Tini !
Throw the ball to Tini !
Words like : 'coba', 'tolong', 'silakan' are often used to soften the tone of the command.
Coba panggil Tini ke sini !
Tolong panggil Tini ke sini !
Please call Tini over here !
Silakan masuk, Pak !
Please come in, Sir !
Silakan makan salju kuning, Pak !
Please eat yellow snow, Sir !
When asking somebody else to participate and join the action, the following words are used : 'ayo', 'mari'.
Ayo kita lompat dari jembatan !
Mari kita lompat dari jembatan !
Let us jump off the bridge !
Ayo makan salju kuning !
Mari makan salju kuning !
Let's eat yellow snow !
When ordering someone NOT to do something, the negation word 'jangan' is used.
Jangan lompat dari jembatan !
Don't jump off a bridge !
Jangan makan salju kuning !
Don't eat yellow snow !
lah, mohon, jaga, panggil, tanya, jawab, kan, tolong, serang, tembak, kumpul, lihat, mari, buka, tutup, biar, lakukan, bantu, main, beri, ayo, coba, pasang, lepas, kerja, pikir, gambar, ganti, simpan, sapu, kirim, kejar, potong, nyanyi, sebut, pakai, ambil, bawa, buat, lempar, tulis, baca, jual, beli, angkat, pilih
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Rumah
This skill introduces new vocabulary regarding 'house', 'rumah'.
Saya baru membeli furnitur.
I just bought furniture.
Saya perlu kursi dan meja baru.
I needed a new chair and desk.
Saya juga membeli bantal, seprai, tirai dan cermin untuk kamar tidur saya.
I also bought a pillow, a bedsheet, curtains and a mirror for my bedroom.
Gelas, cangkir dan mangkuk disimpan di dapur.
Glasses, cups and bowls are stored in the kitchen.
Biasanya sendok dan garpu dipakai untuk makan.
Usually a spoon and fork are used to eat.
Pisau jarang dipakai untuk makan.
A knife is seldom used for eating.
Handuk, sabun dan sampo disimpan di kamar mandi.
Towels, soap and shampoo are stored in the bath room.
Bak mandi sudah terisi air.
The bath tub is already filled with water.
Langit-langit di kamar saya berwarna biru.
The ceiling in my room is blue.
Dindingnya berwana putih dan lantainya berwarna cokelat.
The walls are white and the floor is brown.
Jendelanya menghadap kolam renang.
The window faces the swimming pool.
meja, kursi, sendok, sofa, kamar, furnitur, garpu, gelas, botol, mangkuk, cangkir, langit-langit, jendela, tempat tidur, lampu, spons, kolam, kantor, pintu, dinding, cermin, atap, karpet, televisi, tangga, tirai, bak mandi, bantal, resep, sabun, handuk, pemanas, sampo, membersihkan, balkon, mainan, seprai, tempat sampah, pagar, gerbang
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
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Hewan, binatang
This skill introduces new vocabulary regarding 'animals': 'hewan', 'binatang'.
anjing = dog
babi = pig
bebek = duck
beruang = bear
burung = bird
burung hantu = owl
gajah = elephant
harimau = tiger
ikan = fish
jerapah = giraffe
kucing = cat
kupu-kupu = butterfly
laba-laba = spider
lebah = bee
kuda = horse
kelinci = rabbit
monyet = monkey
semut = ant
serigala = wolf
bebek, burung, hewan, lebah, ikan, gajah, beruang, sapi, kuda, babi, serigala, harimau, tikus, kupu-kupu, singa, kelinci, ular, laba-laba, hiu, monyet, lumba-lumba, serangga, semut, paus, jerapah
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
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Tanggal dan waktu
This skill introduces more vocabulary about dates and times.
The names of the months do not differ that much from Emglish:
januari, februari, maret, april, mei, juni, juli, agustus, september, oktober, november, desember
jam, hari, minggu, bulan, tahun, dekade, abad
hour, day, week, month, year, decade, century
Examples about time ('waktu'):
Jam berapa sekarang?
10:00 = jam/pukul sepuluh
10:05 = jam/pukul sepuluh lewat/lebih lima (menit)
10:10 = jam/pukul sepuluh lewat/lebih sepuluh (menit)
10:15 = jam/pukul sepuluh lewat/lebih seperempat
10:30 = jam/pukul setengah sebelas
10:45 = jam/pukul sebelas kurang seperempat
10:50 = jam/pukul sebelas kurang sepuluh (menit)
10:55 = jam/pukul sebelas kurang lima (menit)
11:00 = jam/pukul sebelas
'jam' = 'pukul' are interchangeable here ('pukul' is more formal).
'lewat' = 'lebih' are interchangeable here.
januari, februari, maret, april, mei, juni, juli, agustus, september, oktober, november, desember, tanggal, akhir, windu, dekade, abad, awal, pertengahan, seperempat, gugur, pukul, setengah, lagi, semi, generasi, kalender, masa, tengah, libur, minggu, dahulu, zaman
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
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Kata Keterangan
Adverbs are used to clarify/modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or an entire sentence.
The position of an adverb varies, it depends on the adverb and how the adverb is used in a sentence.
Examples:
Tini sedang mandi sekarang. = Tini is taking a shower.
Tini selalu mandi sebelum ke sekolah. = Tini always take a shower before going to school.
Tini harus berangkat sekitar jam setengah tujuh. = Tini must leave at approximately half past six.
Tini jarang terlambat. = Tini is seldom too late.
Tini boleh mengendarai mobil. = Tini is allowed to drive a car.
Sebenarnya Tini tidak perlu sopir. = Actually Tini does not need a driver.
Akan tetapi, Dimas akan mengantarkan Tini ke sekolah. = However, Dimas will bring Tini to school.
Tini tidak perlu mengendarai mobil. = Tini does not need to drive the car.
Tini bisa santai saja di mobil = Tini can just relax in the car.
"sedang" is an adverb that is used to indicate that the action is still ongoing.
More info about adverbs :
Click here : Adverbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
saja, dapat, harus, sedang, jarang, umumnya, sekitar, sendiri, begitu, tak, selamanya, perlu, boleh, tetap
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
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Pe-an affix is used to from nouns.
Examples:
[pe-] + [base word] +[-an] = noun.
[pe-] + [gunung] +[-an] = pegunungan = mountain range.
[pe-] + [pilih] +[-an] = pemilihan = election.
[pe-] + [dengar] +[-an] = pendengaran = sense of hearing.
[pe-] + [lihat] +[-an] = penglihatan = eyesight.
More info about 'pe- prefix :
Click here : pe- Prefix, , Tips & Notes, Addendum.'
More info about 'an- suffix :
Click here : -an Suffix, Tips & Notes, Addendum
pegunungan, pelabuhan, pelayanan, pemanasan, pertemuan, pengalaman, pemandangan, pemasukan, pemerintahan, pemilihan, pertumbuhan, perhatian, penciuman, pendengaran, pengadilan, pertandingan, penginapan, pendidikan, pengeluaran, penglihatan, penulisan, penyerangan, persaingan, perusahaan, pertarungan, peraturan, perbatasan, perbuatan, percakapan, persatuan, peralatan, perkembangan, perlawanan, perlombaan, permainan, persahabatan, pertahanan
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
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Perasaan
Many of the words introduced in this skill are adjectives.
As a reminder, an adjective can function as a predicate in a sentence.
In other words, such a sentence doesn't use a verb.
Examples:
Saya bosan. = I am bored.
Saya kecewa. = I am disappointed.
Saya takut. = I am scared.
The following sentences use the same base words as above, but now the 'me-kan' affix is used.
(there is another skill that explains the use of this 'me-kan' affix)(see link below).
In the following sentences, the 'me-kan' verb has a 'causative' meaning.
Examples:
FIlm ini membosankan. = This movie is boring.
Film ini mengecewakan. = This movie is disappointing.
Film ini menakutkan. = This movie is scary.
In grammar terms:
[subject] [causes the base word] [to the direct object].
The subject [Film ini] is causing the feeling as expressed by the base word [membosankan] to the [direct opbject].
In the examples above, the [direct object] is implied and omitted:
FIlm ini membosankan [semua orang].
Film ini mengecewakan [semua orang].
Film ini menakutkan [semua orang].
Saya kecewa, karena film ini sangat membosankan.
I am disappointed, because this movie is very boring.
Please have a look here for more info about 'me-kan' verbs:
Click here : 'me-kan' verbs, Tips & Notes, Addendum
takut, merasa, menakutkan, senang, aneh, perasaan, berani, mengenang, bosan, membosankan, suasana, hati, damai, keinginan, marah, kaget, kejutan, kecewa, mengecewakan, lelah, iri, emosi, sabar, tegang, menegangkan, lapar, malu, cinta, haus, kalem, adil, memalukan, pikiran, imajinasi, gairah, jijik, menjijikkan
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tentang, kepada, pun, secara, hingga, terhadap, si, sang, antara, serta, aduh, astaga, astagfirullah, bagi, sementara, selain, pula
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The ter- prefix marks a passive verb, almost like the di- prefix.
However, ter- is different in that it is used in situations where the verb is done spontaneously/unintentional (Dia tersenyum), unexpectedly (Adik terjatuh), or denoting the state of an object (Suratnya sudah terkirim).
Example:
Botol ini diisi dengan teh [oleh Tini) = This bottle is filled with tea (by Tini).
Botol ini terisi teh = This bottle is filled with tea.
tersenyum, tertawa, terbuka, tertutup, tersebut, tertulis, terjatuh, terjadi, tertentu, terisi, teringat, terkirim, tersimpan, termasuk, terpaksa, terkenal, terletak, terkait, terdapat, terdiri, ternyata, terlibat
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Pendidikan
kerjakan, kelas, tugas, siswa, bahasa, indonesia, jelaskan, pelajaran, ujian, teman, matematika, perpustakaan, papan, kantin, jadwal, seragam, fisika, contoh, teknik, mengerjakan, penjelasan, perguruan tinggi, bab, kimia, terlambat, istirahat, dihukum, dipanggil, halaman, kertas, kapur, sejarah, dikeluarkan, peringkat, pindah, wisuda, upacara, gelar, lulus
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The me-kan circumfix has two main functions: benefactive (when it is applied to a verb) and causative (when it is applied to an adjective).
Benefactive means doing something for someone else's benefit. In this case, the subject is doing the verb with the me-kan circumfix for the benefit of someone or something else.
Example:
Benefactive me-kan verbs are always transitive (needing direct objects!)
Causative means causing someone or something else to become or feel something. In this case, the me-kan circumfix is applied to an adjective. The subject is causing the object to feel or become the adjective with the me-kan circumfix.
Example:
In the following examples the object (everyone, everybody) is implied and left out.
The direct object (everyone, everybody) is implied and omitted.
In the examples above, the subject is causing everyone in general to feel or become an adjective (i.e. bored, sad, confused).
These verbs are often translated as an adjective.
Please have a look here for more info :
Click here : 'me-kan' verbs, Tips & Notes, Addendum
Click here : Transitive & Intransitive verbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
Click here : Passive type 1 and 2 , Tips & Notes, Addendum
melemparkan, memainkan, melakukan, melanjutkan, melupakan, memasukkan, memunculkan, memasakkan, membicarakan, membawakan, memberikan, membacakan, mendengarkan, mendirikan, menjatuhkan, menjadikan, mendatangkan, mendapatkan, menjelaskan, memutuskan, memecahkan, memisahkan, memuaskan, memerlukan, memerintahkan, memastikan, memikirkan, menemukan, menuliskan, menunjukkan, meninggalkan, menambahkan, menurunkan, menawarkan
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
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Let's start with some examples:
Dimas lebih tinggi daripada Tono. = Dimas is taller than Tono.
Tini lebih pendek daripada Tono. = Tini is shorter than Tono.
Di antara mereka, Dimas yang tertinggi = Amongst them, Dimas is the tallest.
'lebih'.......'daripada' literally means 'more'.......'than' :
lebih penting daripada = more important than
lebih besar daripada = larger than
lebih kecil daripada = smaller than
lebih dalam daripada = deeper than
"ter-" prefix is used here to form the superlative ('most' / '-est').
terpenting = paling penting = most important.
terbesar = paling besar = largest
terkecil = paling kecil = smallest
terdalam = paling dalam = deepest
'daripada' is often replaced with 'dari' in everyday speech.
Click here : Comparisons and superlatives, Tips & Notes, Addendum
terbesar, terakhir, terbaik, terutama, terkecil, kurus, gemuk, terkurus, tergemuk, semakin, luas, cepat, lambat, tercepat, terluas, murah, mahal, penting, termurah, terpenting, malas, sepi, ramai, rajin, termalas, tajam, tumpul, terkuat, terkaya, termerah, dalam, dangkal, terdangkal, terdalam, tertua, termuda
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
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Please have a look here for more info :
Click here : 'me-kan' verbs, Tips & Notes, Addendum
Click here : Transitive & Intransitive verbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
Click here : Passive type 1 and 2 , Tips & Notes, Addendum
mengambilkan, mengajarkan, mengingatkan, mengumumkan, menggantikan, menghilangkan, menggambarkan, menghasilkan, menghentikan, menggunakan, menyimpankan, menyewakan, menyelesaikan, menyambungkan, mengirimkan, mengembalikan, mengeluarkan, mengalahkan, mengatakan, mengembangkan, mengumpulkan, merusakkan, menyalakan, merupakan
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
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mobil, taksi, bus, mengemudikan, tiket, penumpang, paspor, hati-hati, pilot, pesawat, bandara, terminal, jalan, motor, sepeda, pengendara, keterlambatan, membatalkan, masinis, kereta, mengendarai, stasiun, turis, kunjungan, mengunjungi, nakhoda, perahu, kapal, kendaraan, menginap, transportasi, alat, mesin, kecelakaan, sampai, ojek, koper
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mengukur, timbangan, kilogram, gram, satuan, waktu, miligram, kedalaman, meter, ketinggian, diukur, sungai, kilometer, sentimeter, liter, ukuran, hasil, badan, belasan, volume, meteran, ditimbang, rupiah, hektar, lipat, kecepatan, per, inci, mil, ons, sisi, sepertiga, permukaan
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The di-kan circumfix is the passive form of the me-kan. Like me-kan, the function of this circumfix can be benefactive or causative.
While for the me-kan circumfix we interpret benefactive as doing something for someone else's benefit, in this context the verb is being done to the subject for the benefit of someone or something else.
Examples:
| Active sentence | Passive sentence | |
|---|---|---|
| ID-1 | Ibu membacakan dongeng untuk adik. | Dongeng dibacakan oleh Ibu. |
| EN-1 | Mother is reading a bedtime story for little sister. | A bedtime story is being read by Mother. |
| ID-2 | Sarah mengantarkan kue untuk Budi. | Kue untuk Budi diantarkan oleh Sarah. |
| EN-2 | Sarah is delivering cookies for Budi. | Cookies for Budi are delivered by Sarah. |
For the causative function, di-kan is applied to an adjective. In this context, the subject is feeling or becoming the adjective thanks to the action of someone or something else.
Examples:
| Active sentence | Passive sentence | |
|---|---|---|
| ID-1 | Ani membangunkan Ibu. | Ibu dibangunkan Ani. |
| EN-1 | Ani wakes Mother up. | Mother is being woken up by Ani. |
| ID-2 | Siti membersihkan kamarnya. | Kamarnya dibersihkan oleh Siti. |
| EN-2 | Siti cleans her room. | Her room is cleaned by Siti. |
Examples:
1) Ibu dibangunkan (oleh) Ani.
2) Ibu dibangunkan (oleh) Ani tadi pagi.
3) Ibu sudah dibangunkan tadi pagi oleh Ani.
In the first two sentences the 'di-' verb is followed directly by the agent/actor (the one performing the action).
'oleh' can be left out in such a sentence.
In the third sentence, the 'di-' verb is not directly followed by the agent/actor.
'oleh' cannot be left out in such a sentence.
This skill is about passive verbs and the passive voice.
Translations in the active voice are rejected.
Please have a look here for more info :
Click here : 'me-kan' verbs, Tips & Notes, Addendum
Click here : Transitive & Intransitive verbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
Click here : Passive type 1 and 2 , Tips & Notes, Addendum
dilakukan, digunakan, ditemukan, didirikan, diberikan, dibandingkan, diharapkan, dijadikan, disampaikan, ditetapkan, dilaksanakan, diadakan, disebabkan, dikatakan, dikembangkan, diterbitkan, diselenggarakan, dilaporkan, disebutkan, dinyatakan, dibutuhkan, diluncurkan, diumumkan, dilahirkan, digantikan, dihasilkan
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menertawakan, terkejut, mengejutkan, cemburu, sayang, tenang, berbeda, memimpikan, kesal, mimpi, ingin, senyuman, santai, merindukan, mengharapkan, tawa, harapan, mengantuk, kesan, aroma, cemas, humor, puas, ingatan, bebas, selera, dipercaya, karakter, pasti, peka, gugup, murung, respek, menaruh, sampah, benci, penasaran, bangga, kesepian, menangis
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batuk, pilek, demam, penyakit, semoga, bengkak, sembuh, berobat, rumah sakit, apotek, gatal, klinik, obat, pasien, alergi, memeriksa, hati, patah, imunisasi, disuntik, terkilir, manusia, luka, dibersihkan, diobati, parah, operasi, berdarah
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tanah, api, udara, angin, sumber, batu, bumi, matahari, laut, alam, bunga, polusi, rumput, mencemari, bulan, bintang, awan, salju, benih, langit, hutan, pohon, gunung, danau, mawar, lumpur, samudera, planet, tumbuhan, puncak, dasar, gempa, cuaca, iklim, asap, temperatur, badai, hidup, petir, gurun, listrik, lubang
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komunikasi, informasi, pers, pesan, suara, selamat, huruf, media, massa, internet, berkata, kata, kalimat, teriak, merekam, perintah, diam, bertanya, pendapat, arti, pemberitahuan, situs, menjawab, diskusi, debat, argumen, judul, artikel, menerjemahkan, tema, wawancara, unduh, unggah, pengumuman, mengontak, berita, rahasia, komentar
Anki deck Flashcards with the vocabulary of the Duolingo course:
Click here : Indonesian vocabulary, Flashcards with audio
Click here to download the Anki deck
Please have a look here for more info :
Click here : 'me-i' verbs, Tips & Notes, Addendum
Click here : Transitive & Intransitive verbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
Click here : Passive type 1 and 2 , Tips & Notes, Addendum
memasuki, meliputi, melayani, mewakili, melewati, melindungi, menikmati, memiliki, melalui, mengakhiri, mengikuti, mengatasi, mengakui, mengalami, menghadapi, menghindari, mengetahui, mengurangi, menguasai, mengenai, mempunyai, memenuhi, mempelajari, menyadari, memahami, menangani, mencapai, menjalani, menempati, menduduki, mendatangi
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sebagai, pada, kecuali, selama, sebelum, setelah, sejak, kemudian, sesudah, menurut, walau, demi
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Bahan
bahan, uang, debu, emas, terbuat, tembaga, besi, katun, perak, kain, pasir, karet, wol, kayu, plastik, logam
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barang, senjata, kotak, palang, kabel, objek, peta, kacamata, radio, dokumen, kartu, nampan, memuat, pengecas, bendera, hadiah, kunci, foto, pedang, komputer, bubuk, album, adaptor, masalah, bentuk, tanda, kamus, majalah, roda, pulpen, robot, layar, jarum, benang, lilin, amplop, korek, halaman, nyala, cahaya, padam
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titik, fungsi, material, pencarian, teori, jenis, dampak, energi, ilmu, metode, analisis, rumus, ide, penemuan, batas, suhu, skala, lingkaran, segitiga, atmosfer, sinar, derajat, ilmiah, pengetahuan, daftar, penelitian, membakar, reaksi, cara, teknologi, grafik, proses, perhitungan, persegi, sudut, hal, konsep
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Di-i verbs are the passive counterpart of the active 'me-i' verbs.
This skill is about passive verbs and the passive voice.
Translations in the active voice are rejected.
Please have a look here for more info :
Click here : 'me-i' verbs, Tips & Notes, Addendum
Click here : Transitive & Intransitive verbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
Click here : Passive type 1 and 2 , Tips & Notes, Addendum
dihubungi, diketahui, diikuti, disertai, diakui, dimiliki, dilengkapi, ditemui, dialami, dihadiri, ditangani, dikelilingi, dinamai, dikurangi, didampingi, dipenuhi, ditandai, dilindungi, dipengaruhi, diyakini, dipahami, dikuasai, dicapai, dijumpai, disukai, disetujui, dimintai, dikunjungi, ditandatangani, diawali, dilayani, dihadapi, dibatasi
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Seni
seni, karya, musik, sastra, tari, film, sinetron, teater, lukisan, pertunjukan, bioskop, ritme, puisi, artis, lagu, museum, novel, cerpen, piano, konser, aktor, peran, gitar, musisi, lirik, wayang, aktris, biola, disutradarai, dibintangi
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tuhan, berdoa, agama, percaya, malaikat, setan, mati, islam, katolik, hindu, beragama, dewa, dewi, takdir, kristen, buddha, beribadah, masjid, gereja, wihara, pura, ulama, pendeta, pastor, neraka, surga, jiwa, candi, dukun, santet, hantu, sembahyang, khotbah, dosa, pahala, natal, lebaran, paskah, raya, merayakan, amal, sedekah
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'memper-' verbs are active verbs.
'diper-' verbs are the passive counterpart.
Please have a look here for more info :
Click here: 'memper-' verbs , Tips & Notes, Addendum.
Click here : Transitive & Intransitive verbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
Click here : Passive type 1 and 2 , Tips & Notes, Addendum
memperkuat, memperlemah, memperpanjang, memperpendek, mempermudah, memperbanyak, memperbesar, mempersulit, memperkecil, mempercepat, memperlambat, memperbaiki, memperburuk, memperkaya, memperketat, memperluas
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usaha, saham, produksi, pembelian, rekening, industri, pajak, bos, konsumsi, pariwisata, keuntungan, modal, kontrak, penjualan, kekayaan, kredit, tingkat, investasi, konsumen, pabrik, pengangguran, penawaran, iklan, biaya, sewa, bisnis, ekonomi, pertanian
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Please have a look here for more info :
Click here : The Classifiers: Buah, Orang and Ekor
seekor, ekor, seseorang, segelas, sepucuk, secangkir, sepotong, sepiring, beberapa, sesuatu, masing-masing, butir, selembar, sebutir, semangkuk, lembar, semua, sehelai, sebatang, helai, batang, berbagai, sebuah, sejumlah, setiap
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'diper-' verbs are the apssive counterpart of the active 'memper-' verbs.
This skill is about passive verbs and the passive voice.
Translations in the active voice are rejected.
Please have a look here for more info :
Click here: 'memper-' verbs , Tips & Notes, Addendum.
Click here : Transitive & Intransitive verbs, Tips & notes, Addendum
Click here : Passive type 1 and 2 , Tips & Notes, Addendum
diperkuat, diperoleh, diperlemah, diperpanjang, diperpendek, diperbanyak, dipermudah, dipersulit, diperkecil, dipercepat, diperbesar, diperlambat, diperburuk, diperluas, diperbaiki, diperketat, diperkaya
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Olah raga
stadion, tim, golf, juara, kompetisi, tenis, menendang, balapan, sepak bola, pelatih, berenang, gol, olahraga, bulu tangkis, aba-aba, senam, kalah, pemenang, latihan, memukul, melompat, menang, memenangkan, memenangi
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Politik
perang, hak, kekuasaan, hukum, masyarakat, pembangunan, pemerintah, kewajiban, revolusi, kebebasan, partai, tentara, presiden, kesepakatan, keamanan, keadilan, krisis, politik, kementerian, kekerasan, konflik, mayoritas, oposisi, menteri, organisasi, wali kota, calon, hutang, balai kota, strategi, bangsa, suara, majelis, peristiwa, kejahatan, parlemen, negara, demokrasi, berjuang, pemilih, senator, memimpin, sistem, pidato, mendukung, pusat
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Tempat
tempat, daerah, ruang, alamat, provinsi, tepi, kabupaten, kebun binatang, pantai, desa, bar, gua, taman, kecamatan, wilayah, rute, jawa, pulau, kota, penjara, swalayan, jembatan, apartemen, menara, lantai, lokasi, aula, garasi
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There are few uses of Ke-an but most of them turns adjectives into nouns. Here are some examples:
| Root words | With confix ke-an |
|---|---|
| Bebas (Free) | Kebebasan (Freedom) |
| Aman (Secure) | Keamanan (Security) |
| Sedih (Sad) | Kesedihan (Sadness) |
| Beruntung (Lucky) | Keberuntungan (Luck) |
You will learn a few more examples as you progress.
kehidupan, kebutuhan, kematian, kesehatan, kekuatan, kesempatan, kebijakan, keadaan, kebaikan, keberuntungan, kebiasaan, kebenaran, kemajuan, keburukan, keindahan
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berjalan-jalan, melihat-lihat, bermain-main, berjaga-jaga, berhati-hati, berpura-pura, bersama-sama, berturut-turut
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Orang-orang
kelompok, penduduk, dewasa, pria, wanita, memperkenalkan, populasi, kerumunan, para, bapak, budaya, kenal, tetangga, rekan, tamu, pacar, mengenali, klien, remaja, gadis, tawanan, nona, pahlawan, nyonya, musuh, anggota, tuan
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Pe- prefix is used to form nouns.
Please have a look here for more info :
Click here : pe- Prefix, , Tips & Notes, Addendum
pejalan, pelajar, pelaku, pembaca, penyewa, pendiri, pendengar, pelukis, pemakai, pemberi, pencuci, pendatang, pembantu, pengirim, pengisi, pengunjung, pengembang, penggali, pembicara, pembuat, pembuka, penonton, penutup, pendukung, penerima
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perancis, amerika serikat, jerman, belanda, mesir, rusia, inggris, benua, asia, afrika, amerika, eropa, tiongkok, yunani, brasil, swiss, spanyol, dunia, tionghoa, australia
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